초기 이슬람 정복
- 시기
- 622년 – 750년
- 진영
- 칼리파국 vs 비잔티움·사산 제국 등
- 전투
- 57
초기 이슬람 정복 또는 간단히 이슬람 정복(아랍어: الفتوحات الإسلامية, al-Futūḥāt al-Islāmiyya)은 이슬람의 예언자 무함마드가 7세기 초에 개시한 정복에서 시작되었다. 아랍 원정이라고도 한다. 무함마드는 아라비아 반도에 최초로 통일된 정권을 수립하였고, 이후 정통 칼리파국과 우마이야 칼리파국의 확장 정책으로 정복 전쟁이 계속되었다.
출처: 위키백과 — 초기 이슬람 정복 · CC BY-SA 4.0
전투 57
624년
바드르 전투
바드르 전투(아랍어: غزوة بدر)는 CE 624년 3월 13일 화요일(라마단 17일, 이슬람력으로는 2 AH)에 서아라비아(오늘날의 사우디아라비아)의 헤자즈의 바드르 지역에서 발생하였으며 이슬람 초기의 중요한 전쟁이자 무함마드가 메카의 쿠라이시족들 가운데 그의 적과 고군분투하는 전환점이 된 사건이다.
624년
Siege of Banu Qaynuqa
The siege of Banu Qaynuqa occurred in April 624. The Banu Qaynuqa were a Jewish tribe expelled by the Islamic prophet Muhammad for breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina.
625년
우후드 전투
우후드 전투(Battle of Uhud)는 무슬림-쿠라이시족 전쟁 중 초기 무슬림과 쿠라이시 사이의 주요 교전이었다. 이 전투는 서기 625년 3월 23일 토요일(7 Shawwal, 3 AH) 메디나 근처 우후드산 북쪽 계곡에서 벌어졌다.
627년
Battle of the Trench
The Battle of the Trench, also known as the Battle of Khandaq and the Battle of the Confederates, was part of the conflict between the Muslims and the Quraysh. The Quraysh advanced towards the Muslims, who defended themselves in Medina by digging a trench around their settlement at the suggestion of Salman the Persian. The battle took place in 627 and lasted around two weeks, resulting in five to six casualties reported by the Muslim, and three casualties amongst the Quraysh.
628년
카이바르 전투
카이바르 전투(Battle of Khaybar)는 629년(628년임. 헤지라력 6년) 무함마드 세력과 유대인 간에 일어난 전쟁으로 카이바르 인근의 오아시스를 놓고 일어난 것이다. 현재 사우디아라비아의 헤자즈와 메디나에서 150km 정도 떨어진 곳에 해당하는 곳이다.
629년
Battle of Mu'tah
The Battle of Mu'tah took place in September 629, between the forces of Muhammad and the army of the Byzantine Empire and their Ghassanid vassals. It took place in the village of Mu'tah in Palaestina Salutaris at the east of the Jordan River and modern-day Karak.
629년
Conquest of Mecca
The conquest of Mecca was a military campaign undertaken by Muhammad and his companions during the Muslim–Quraysh War. They led the early Muslims in an advance on the Quraysh-controlled city of Mecca in December 629 or January 630. The fall of the city to Muhammad formally marked the end of the conflict between his followers and the Quraysh tribal confederation.
630년
Battle of Hunayn
The Battle of Hunayn was a conflict between the Muslims of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the tribes of Qays in the aftermath of the conquest of Mecca. The battle took place in 8 AH in the Hunayn valley on the route from Mecca to Taif. The battle ultimately ended in a decisive victory for the Muslims, and it is one of the few battles mentioned by name in the Quran, where it appears in Surat at-Tawbah.
630년
Siege of Ta'if
The Siege of Ta'if took place in 630 CE, shortly after the Muslim victory at the battles of Hunayn and Autas that followed the conquest of Mecca. Seeking to consolidate control over the Hijaz, Muhammad marched with his forces to the fortified city of Ta'if, stronghold of the Thaqif tribe and a long-standing commercial rival of Mecca. Many of the surviving Hawazin warriors and their families had taken refuge there after their defeat at Hunayn, making Ta'if the next target of the Muslim campaign. The city, however, was heavily fortified, surrounded by strong walls and well supplied with provisions, and thus presented a far more difficult challenge than the open-field encounters at Hunayn and Autas.
632년
Battle of al-Yamama
The Battle of al-Yamama was fought in December 632 as part of the Ridda Wars against a rebellion within the Rashidun Caliphate in the region of al-Yamama between the forces of Abu Bakr and Musaylima, a self-proclaimed prophet. This battle was a part of a multi-prolonged engagement in the plains of Aqrama and the city of Al-Hadiqat.
632년
Battle of Buzakha
The Battle of Buzakha was a major military battle in the Ridda Wars or Wars of Apostasy. It took place between the army of the Rashidun Caliphate under command of Khalid ibn al-Walid and the Apostate forces under Tulayha, in September 632.
632년
Battle of Zafar
The Battle of Zafar took place in 632 between Khalid ibn al-Walid, a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and a tribal chieftess called Salma. Khalid defeated her and she died on the battlefield. The battle was part of the Ridda Wars.
632년
Battle of Ghamra
The Battle of Ghamra took place between Muslim Arab general Khalid ibn al-Walid and the remaining army of Buzakha, 20 miles from Buzakha.
633년
Battle of al-Anbar
The Battle of Al-Anbar was between the Muslim Arab army under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid and the Sasanian Empire. The battle took place at Anbar which is located approximately 80 miles from the ancient city of Babylon. Khalid besieged the Sassanian Persians in the city fortress, which had strong walls. Scores of Muslim archers were used in the siege. The Persian governor, Shirzad, eventually surrendered and was allowed to retire. The Battle of Al-Anbar is often remembered as the "Action of the Eye" since Muslim archers used in the battle were told to aim at the "eyes" of the Persian garrison.
633년
Battle of Ullais
The Battle of Ullais was fought between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Persian Empire in the middle of June 633 AD in Iraq, and is sometimes referred to as the Battle of Blood River since, as a result of the battle, there were enormous amounts of Persian Sasanian and Arab Christian casualties.
633년
Battle of Ayn al-Tamr
The Battle of Ayn al-Tamr took place in modern-day Iraq (Mesopotamia) between the early Muslim Arab forces and the Sassanians along with their Arab Christian auxiliary forces. Ayn al-Tamr is located west of Anbar and was a frontier post which had been established to aid the Sassanids.
633년
Battle of Naqra
The Battle of Naqra took place in October 633 between rebel armies and Khalid ibn al-Walid's army during the Ridda Wars.
634년
Battle of Ajnadayn
The Battle of Ajnadayn was fought in July or August 634, in a location close to Bayt Jibrin; it was the first major pitched battle between the Byzantine (Roman) Empire and the army of the Arab Rashidun Caliphate. The result of the battle was a decisive Muslim victory. The details of this battle are mostly known through Muslim sources, such as the ninth-century historian al-Waqidi.
634년
Siege of Damascus (634)
The siege of Damascus (634) lasted from 21 August to 19 September 634 before the city fell to the Rashidun Caliphate. Damascus was the first major city of the Eastern Roman Empire to fall in the Muslim conquest of Syria.
634년
보스라 전투
보스라 전투는 라시둔군과 동로마 제국간에 시리아 부스라시 점유를 위해 634년에 싸운 전투이다. 이 도시는 당시 가사니드왕국의 수도였으며 이슬람군의 중요한 첫 장악 지역들 중 하나였다. 포위 작전은 634년 6월부터 7월 사이 발생했다.
634년
Battle of al-Qaryatayn
Battle of al-Qaryatayn was a minor battle between the Christian Ghassanid Arab allies of the Byzantine Empire, and the Rashidun Caliphate army. It was fought after Khalid ibn al-Walid had conquered Tadmur in Syria. His army marched to al-Qaryatayn, the inhabitants of which resisted the Muslim army. They were fought, defeated and plundered. This resulted in the conquest of Al-Qaryatayn by the Muslim forces.
634년
Battle of Marj Rahit (634)
The Battle of Marj Rahit was a minor conflict fought between the Ghassanid Arab allies of Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun army under the command of Khalid bin Walid in April 634. The morning after the Battle of Huwwarin, Khalid moved his army of 9000 towards Damascus.
635년
Battle of Fahl
The Battle of Fahl, also known as the Battle of the Marshes and the Battle of Beisan, was a major battle in the Muslim conquest of Byzantine Syria fought by the Arab troops of the Rashidun Caliphate and Byzantine forces at or near Pella (Fahl) and nearby Scythopolis (Beisan), both in the Jordan Valley, in December 634 or January 635.
635년 – 636년
Siege of Emesa
The siege of Emesa was laid by the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate from December 635 up until March 636. This led to the Islamic conquest of Emesa, which was a major trading city of the Byzantine Empire in the Levant.
636년
야르무크 전투
야르무크 전투(아랍어: معركة اليرموك, 그리스어: Ἱερομυαξ)는 라시둔 칼리파국과 동로마 제국간에 일어난 대전투이다. 이 전투는 서기 636년 8월에 갈릴리 해 남동쪽 오늘날의 시리아와 요르단 국경 사이 지대를 따라 난 야르무크강 주변에서 6일간 벌어졌다. 야르무크 전투에서 무슬림은 완승하여 동로마 제국은 아나톨리아 남부의 지배권을 영영 잃게 된다. 이 전투는 전쟁사에서 결정적인 전투로 손꼽히며, 무함마드가 죽은 뒤 이슬람이 당시 기독교 세력이 지배하던 레반트로 급속히 진출할 것을 예고하며 무슬림의 정복 역사상 중요한 의의를 갖는다.
636년
까디시야 전투
까다시야 전투(مَعْرَكَة ٱلْقَادِسِيَّة)는 636년에 라시둔 칼리파국의 군대와 페르시아 사산 제국의 군대 사이에서 벌어진 전투이다. 무슬림 정복의 제1기에 발발하였다.
636년 – 637년
First Muslim conquest of Jerusalem
Between 636 and 637/38, during the Muslim conquest of the Levant, the Rashidun Caliphate took Jerusalem from the Byzantine Empire. It began when the Rashidun army, under the command of Abu Ubayda, besieged Jerusalem in November 636. After six months, Patriarch Sophronius agreed to surrender, on condition that he submit only to the caliph. In 637 or 638, Caliph Umar traveled to Jerusalem in person to receive the submission of the city. The patriarch thus surrendered to him.
637년
Battle of the Iron Bridge
The Battle of the Iron Bridge was fought between the Muslim Rashidun army and the Byzantine army in 637 AD. The battle, which the Muslims won, took its name from a nearby nine-arch stone bridge over the Orontes River, which had gates trimmed with iron blades. It was one of the last battles fought between the Byzantines and Rashidun Caliphate in the province of Syria. In the aftermath of the battle, the province's capital, Antioch, fell, marking the near-complete annexation of the province into the Rashidun Caliphate.
637년
Siege of Aleppo (637)
The siege of Aleppo, the Byzantine stronghold and one of few remaining Byzantine castles in the northern Levant after the decisive Battle of Yarmouk, was laid between August and October 637.
637년
Battle of Jalula
The Battle of Jalula was fought between the Sasanian Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate soon after the conquest of Ctesiphon by the latter.
637년
Siege of Ctesiphon (637)
The siege of Ctesiphon took place from January to March 637, shortly after the Rashidun Caliphate defeated the Sasanian Empire in the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah. As it had served as the Persian capital city since the Parthian period, the Rashidun victory at Ctesiphon was one of the most significant events of the Muslim conquest of Persia; Muslim rule was consolidated over all of Mesopotamia. The victory of the Rashidun army during this siege also set the stage for further Muslim invasions of the Persian mainland, where the Sasanian army found itself confined.
637년
Battle of Hazir
The Battle of Hazir or Ma'arakah al-Haadhir took place between the Byzantine army and the Rashidun army's elite cavalry, the Mobile guard. It took place in June 637, three miles east of Qinnasrin at Al-Hadher in present-day Syria.
638년
Siege of Germanicia
The siege of Germanicia or Marash was led by Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate during their campaigns in Anatolia in 638. The city surrendered without much bloodshed. The expedition is considered significant due to the fact that it marked the end of the military career of the Arab Muslim general Khalid ibn Walid, who was dismissed from the army a few months after his return from the expedition.
640년
Battle of Heliopolis
The Battle of Heliopolis or Ayn Shams was a decisive battle in 640 between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantine Empire forces for the control of Egypt. Though there were several major skirmishes after this battle, it effectively decided the fate of the Byzantine rule in Egypt, and opened the door for the Muslim conquest of the Roman Exarchate of Africa.
641년
Siege of Alexandria (641)
Forces of the Rashidun Caliphate seized the major Mediterranean port of Alexandria from the Eastern Roman Empire in the middle of the 7th century AD. Alexandria had been the capital of the Byzantine province of Egypt. This ended Eastern Roman maritime control and economic dominance of the Eastern Mediterranean and thus continued to shift geopolitical power further in favor of the Rashidun Caliphate.
641년 – 642년
Siege of Shushtar
The siege of Shushtar was fought from 641 to 642 between the Sasanian Empire and the invading Arab Muslims of the Rashidun Caliphate. Shushtar was an ancient strong stronghold in Khuzestan, and was attacked by the Arabs under their commander Abu Musa Ashaari. Although the city managed to resist the Arabs, the Sasanians later faced desertion, which resulted in the Arabs capturing the city and capturing its commander, Hormuzan.
642년
Battle of Nahavand
The Battle of Nahavand, also spelled Nihavand or Nahawand, was fought in 642 between the Rashidun Muslim forces under An-Numan ibn Muqarrin and Sasanian army under King Yazdegerd III. Yazdegerd escaped to the Merv area, but was unable to raise another substantial army. The battle ended in a victory for the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanids consequently lost the surrounding cities including Spahan (Isfahan). The engagement resulted in a catastrophic defeat for the Sasanid forces and marks the end of organized Sasanid resistance. Thus opening the path for Islamic expansion into Persia and the subsequent religious transformation of the region.
646년
Battle of Nikiou
The Battle of Nikiou took place between Arab Muslim troops under General Amr ibn al-A'as and the Byzantine Empire in Egypt in May of 646.
652년
Second battle of Dongola
The second battle of Dongola or siege of Dongola was a military engagement between early Arab forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Nubian-Christian forces of the kingdom of Makuria in 652. The battle ended Muslim expansion into Nubia, establishing trade and a historic peace between the Muslim world and a Christian nation. As a result, Makuria was able to grow into a regional power that would dominate Nubia for over the next 500 years.
655년
Battle of the Masts
The Battle of the Masts was a naval battle fought in 655 between the Byzantine Empire led by Emperor Constans II, and the Rashidun Caliphate under the command of Abu al-A'war, admiral of Mu'awiya, the governor of Syria.
674년 – 678년
콘스탄티노폴리스 공방전 (674~678년)
674~678년에 있었던 아랍인의 콘스탄티노폴리스에 대한 첫 번째 공방전은 아랍-비잔티움 전쟁의 주요 충돌이었으며, 칼리프 무아위야 1세 무아위야가 이끄는 비잔티움 제국을 향한 우마이야 칼리프국의 확장주의 전략이 처음으로 정점에 달한 사건이었다. 내전 이후 661년 이슬람 아랍 제국의 통치자로 등장한 그는 몇 년 만에 비잔티움에 대한 공격적인 전쟁을 재개하고 비잔티움 수도 콘스탄티노폴리스를 점령하여 치명적인 타격을 가할 것을 희망했다.
682년
Battle of Vescera
The Battle of Vescera was fought in 682 or 683 between the Romano-Berbers of King Kusaila and their Byzantine allies from the Exarchate of Africa against an Umayyad Arab army under Uqba ibn Nafi. Uqba ibn Nafi had led his men in an expedition across north Africa, eventually reaching the Atlantic Ocean and marching as far south as the Draa and Sous rivers. On his return, he was ambushed by the Berber-Byzantine coalition at Tehouda (Thabudeos) south Vescera, defeated, and killed.
698년
Battle of Carthage (698)
The Battle of Carthage was fought in 698 AD between a Byzantine expeditionary force and the armies of the Umayyad Caliphate. The battle was a lynchpin of the ongoing Muslim conquest of the Maghreb and put remaining Byzantine resistance to rest.
702년
Battle of Vardanakert
The Battle of Vardanakert was fought between an Arab garrison and Armenians in January 703. The Armenian prince Smbat VI Bagratuni defeated the 5,000-strong Umayyad army from the garrison in Nakhichevan. Struck by a surprise attack, the remaining Arabs fled to the river Araxes and either drowned or froze to death. Smbat, chosen to rule by Byzantine commission, managed to re-conquer the majority of Armenia and drive the Arabs out of the country.
707년 – 708년
Siege of Tyana
The siege of Tyana was carried out by the Umayyad Caliphate in 707–708 or 708–709 in retaliation for a heavy defeat of an Umayyad army under Maimun the Mardaite by the Byzantine Empire in c. 706. The Arab army invaded Byzantine territory and laid siege to the city in summer 707 or 708. The date is uncertain, as virtually each of the extant Greek, Arabic, and Syriac parallel sources has in this respect a different date. Tyana initially withstood the siege with success, and the Arab army faced great hardship during the ensuing winter and was on the point of abandoning the siege in spring, when a relief army sent by Emperor Justinian II arrived. Quarrels among the Byzantine generals, as well as the inexperience of a large part of their army, contributed to a crushing Umayyad victory. Thereupon the inhabitants of the city were forced to surrender. Despite the agreement of terms, the city was plundered and largely destroyed, and according to Byzantine sources its people were made captive and deported, leaving the city deserted.
711년
과달레테 전투
과달레테 전투는 이베리아 반도에 대한 무슬림 정복의 첫번째 주요 전투로, 711년에 오늘날 스페인 남부의 과달레테강 인근에서 로데리크(Roderic) 국왕이 지휘하는 서고트 왕국 군대와 타리크 이븐 지야드가 이끄는 우마이야 칼리파국의 대다수 베르베르족과 소수 아랍인으로 구성된 침략군 사이에 벌어졌다. 이 전투는 이미 여러 차례 벌어진 베르베르족의 일련의 공격의 정점이면서, 알안달루스의 시작이라는 측면에서 중요한 의미를 가진다. 로데리크는 많은 서고트족 귀족들과 함께 전투에서 사망했고, 이 결과로 이슬람 세력이 서고트 왕국의 수도인 톨레도를 점령할 수 있는 길이 열렸다.
717년 – 718년
콘스탄티노폴리스 공방전 (717-718년)
717~718년의 콘스탄티노폴리스 공방전, 혹은 아랍인의 2차 콘스탄티노폴리스 공방전, 혹은 콘스탄티노폴리스 공방전은 우마이야 칼리파국의 두 번째 콘스탄티노폴리스에 대한 공격이자 동로마-아랍 전쟁의 가장 치열했던 전투로, 우마이야 칼리파국의 육, 해군이 모두 동원된 대규모 전투였다. 아랍인들은 716년 동로마 제국의 소아시아를 공격하여 제국을 완전히 복속시키려 했고, 그 과정에서 당시 동로마 제국의 장군이었던 레오 3세를 지원하여 제국을 속국화하려 했으나, 레오 3세는 오히려 그들을 배신하고 동로마 제국의 황위에 올랐다. 이듬해 월동을 한 아랍인들은 대규모의 병력을 이끌고 트라키아에 상륙, 콘스탄티노폴리스를 봉쇄하고 공격을 시작하였다. 그러나 동로마 측의 튼튼한 성벽과 그리스의 불을 통한 해전에서의 선전, 기근과 질병 등이 아랍 군대를 괴롭히면서 도시 공략은 진척되지 못하였으며, 아랍에서 온 증원 병력 또한 동로마 군대에 의해 격파되거나 중도 차단되었다. 또한 불가르인들이 잇따라 공격을 해오자, 아랍 군대는 공성을 중단하고 철수하였으며, 이 과정에서 폭풍과 동로마 군대의 공격으로 많은 수의 병력이 소멸하였다. 이 전투는 이후의 우마이야 칼리파의 콘스탄티노폴리스에 대한 재공격 의지를 완전히 상실케 하였고, 이슬람 세력의 유럽 진출을 차단하는 결정적인 역할을 하였기에, 역사적으로 매우 중요한 전투로 꼽히고 있다.
718년
코바동가 전투
코바동가 전투는 722년 아스투리아스의 펠라기우스의 군대와 우마이야 칼리파국의 지휘관인 알카마와 무누자의 군대 사이에 벌어진 전투이다. 피코스 데 에우로파 산맥의 코바동가(Covadonga) 근처에서 벌어진 이 전투는 펠라기우스의 기독교 군대의 승리로 끝났다. 전통적으로, 이 전투는 아스투리아스 왕국의 건국을 상징하는 사건이자 711년 무슬림 우마이야 왕조의 정복 이후 이베리아 반도에 대한 기독교 세력의 레콩키스타(Reconquista, "재정복")의 시작점으로 여겨진다.
721년
Battle of Toulouse (721)
The Battle of Toulouse (721) was a victory of an Aquitanian Christian army led by Odo the Great, Duke of Aquitaine over an Umayyad Muslim army besieging the city of Toulouse, led by al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani, the Umayyad wāli (governor-general) of al-Andalus. The decisive Aquitanian victory checked the spread of Umayyad control westward from Narbonne into Aquitaine.
727년
Siege of Nicaea (727)
The siege of Nicaea of 727 was an unsuccessful attempt by the Umayyad Caliphate to capture the Byzantine city of Nicaea, the capital of the Opsician Theme. Ever since its failure to capture the Byzantine Empire's capital, Constantinople, in 717–718, the Caliphate had launched a series of raids into Byzantine Asia Minor. In 727, the Arab army, led by one of the Caliph's sons, penetrated deep into Asia Minor, sacked two Byzantine fortresses and in late July arrived before Nicaea. Despite constant attacks for 40 days, the city held firm and the Arabs withdrew and returned to the Caliphate. The successful repulsion of the attack was a major boost for Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian's recently initiated campaign to abolish the veneration of icons in the Empire; Leo claimed it as evidence of divine favour for his policy. The siege of Nicaea marks also the high point of the Umayyad raids, as new threats and defeats on their far-flung frontiers decreased Umayyad strength elsewhere, while Byzantine power strengthened afterwards.
729년
Battle of Baykand
The Battle of Baykand was fought in 729 between the Turkic Türgesh khaganate and its Soghdian allies and the Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate at Baykand, a town near Bukhara in Transoxiana. The Arab army, under the governor of Khurasan Ashras ibn Abdallah al-Sulami, campaigned across the Oxus River to suppress a large-scale rebellion of the subject Soghdian princes that had broken out the previous year and received Türgesh support. As the Arab army advanced on Bukhara, it was encircled by the Türgesh and cut off from water. A series of engagements followed that almost ended in a disaster for the Arabs like the "Day of Thirst" five years earlier, but in the end, through the inspirational bravery of a few Arab leaders and the actions of the vanguard under al-Harith ibn Surayj and Qatan ibn Qutayba, the Arabs broke through and reached Bukhara, which they laid siege to.
731년
Battle of the Defile
The Battle of the Defile or Battle of the Pass was fought in the Takhtakaracha Pass between a large army of the Umayyad Caliphate and the Turkic Türgesh khaganate over three days in July 731 CE. The Türgesh had been besieging Samarkand, and Samarkand's commander, Sawra ibn al-Hurr al-Abani, had sent a request for relief to the newly appointed governor of Khurasan, Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri. Junayd's 28,000-strong army was attacked by the Türgesh in the pass, and although the Umayyad army managed to extricate itself and reach Samarkand, it suffered enormous casualties; Sawra's 12,000 men, who had been commanded to attack the Türgesh from the rear in a relief effort, were almost annihilated.
732년
투르 푸아티에 전투
투르-푸아티에 전투(Battle of Tours)는 732년 프랑크 왕국 메로빙거 왕조의 궁재인 카롤루스 마르텔이 프랑스 투르와 푸아티에에서 우마이야 왕조의 이슬람군을 무찌른 전투로 이 전투의 승리로 이슬람 세력의 서유럽 확장은 한풀 꺾였다.
737년
Battle of the River Berre
The Battle of the River Berre was fought in 737 between the Arab and Berber Muslim forces of Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, Arab Umayyad Muslim governor of Septimania on behalf of al-Andalus, and the Frankish Christian army led by the Carolingian duke Charles Martel during the siege of Narbonne. The battle, which took place at the mouth of the River Berre, was a significant victory for Charles Martel in the military campaigns of 736–737. During this period, Martel effectively prevented greater Umayyad expansion beyond the Pyrenees.
737년
Siege of Avignon (737)
The siege of Avignon was contested in 737. Frankish forces led by Charles Martel defeated the Umayyad garrison of Avignon and destroyed the stronghold.
737년
Siege of Narbonne (737)
The siege of Narbonne was fought in 737 between the Arab and Berber Muslim forces of Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, Arab Umayyad Muslim governor of Septimania on behalf of al-Andalus, and the Frankish Christian army led by the Carolingian duke Charles Martel.
740년
Battle of Akroinon
The Battle of Akroinon was fought at Akroinon or Akroinos in Phrygia, on the western edge of the Anatolian plateau, in 740 between an Umayyad Arab army and the Byzantine forces. The Arabs had been conducting regular raids into Anatolia for the past century, and the 740 expedition was the largest in recent decades, consisting of three separate divisions. One division, 20,000 strong under Abdallah al-Battal and al-Malik ibn Shu'aib, was confronted at Akroinon by the Byzantines under the command of Emperor Leo III the Isaurian and his son, the future Constantine V. The battle resulted in a decisive Byzantine victory. Coupled with the Umayyad Caliphate's troubles on other fronts and the internal instability before and after the Abbasid Revolt, this put an end to major Arab incursions into Anatolia for three decades.
이 땅의 앞뒤 사건
- 610년무함마드의 첫 계시
- 622년 – 750년초기 이슬람 정복이 페이지
- 622년헤지라
- 624년바드르 전투
- 625년우후드 전투
이 땅을 다스린 나라
역사 국경 데이터(Cliopatria)에서 이곳이 속한 나라입니다. 연도는 데이터 간격(몇 년~100년)만큼 대략적입니다. 누르면 그해 지도로 갑니다.