백년 전쟁
- 시기
- 1337년 – 1453년
- 진영
- 잉글랜드 vs 프랑스
- 전투
- 58
백년 전쟁(영어: the Hundred Years' War, 프랑스어: la guerre de Cent Ans)은 1337년부터 1453년까지 116년이라는 기간 동안 잉글랜드 왕국의 플랜태저넷 가와 프랑스 왕국의 발루아 가 사이에 프랑스 왕위 계승 문제를 놓고 일어난 일련의 분쟁들을 총체적으로 부르는 이름이다. 플랜태저넷 가와 발루아 가 양측 모두 여러 동맹자들을 전쟁에 끌어들였다. 중세 유럽에서 가장 유명한 전쟁 중 하나로, 서유럽에서 가장 넓은 땅의 왕위를 두고 두 왕조가 5대 117년에 걸쳐 싸운 장대한 전쟁이다. 기사의 최고 전성기이자 동시에 기사계급의 쇠퇴가 시작된 시기이며, 잉글랜드와 프랑스 양국 모두 전쟁으로 인해 강고한 국민정체성이 싹트이게 됐다.
출처: 위키백과 — 백년 전쟁 · CC BY-SA 4.0
전투 58
1337년
Battle of Cadzand
The Battle of Cadzand was an early skirmish of the Hundred Years' War fought in 1337. It consisted of a raid on the Flemish island of Cadzand, designed to provoke a reaction and battle from the local garrison and so improve morale in England and amongst King Edward III's continental allies by providing his army with an easy victory. On 9 November Sir Walter Manny, with the advance troops for Edward III's continental invasion, made an attempt to take the city of Sluys, but was driven off.
1338년
Battle of Arnemuiden
The Battle of Arnemuiden was a naval battle fought on 23 September 1338 at the start of the Hundred Years' War between England and France. It was the first naval battle of the Hundred Years' War and the first recorded European naval battle using artillery, as the English ship Christopher had three cannons and one handgun.
1340년
슬로이스 해전
슬로이스 해전, 또는 레클뤼즈 해전은 1340년 6월 24일 잉글랜드와 프랑스 사이에 벌어진 해전이다. 이 전투는 슬로이스 항구의 항만에서 제일란트주와 베스트플란데런주 사이의 현재는 흙으로 메워진 해협에서 벌어졌다. 120~150척으로 구성된 잉글랜드 함대는 에드워드 3세가 이끌었으며, 230척 규모의 프랑스 함대는 브르타뉴 기사 위그 키에레, 프랑스 제독, 그리고 니콜라 베위셰, 프랑스 대무관장이 이끌었다. 이 전투는 백년 전쟁의 첫 교전 중 하나였다.
1340년
Battle of Saint-Omer
The Battle of Saint-Omer, fought on 26 July 1340, was a major engagement in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War, during Edward III's 1340 summer campaign against France launched from Flanders. The campaign was initiated in the aftermath of the English naval victory at the Battle of Sluys but was far less successful than Edward had hoped. At Saint-Omer, the heavily-outnumbered French men-at-arms, tasked with defending the city and awaiting reinforcements, unexpectedly defeated the Anglo-Flemish forces on their own. The allies suffered heavy losses and the French captured their camp intact, taking many warhorses, draft animals and carts, all the tents, huge quantities of supplies and most of the Flemish standards. Edward's campaign of 1340 had begun badly. On the bright side, the loss of several thousand men was bearable, as the survivors, which included most of the precious English longbowmen, eventually rejoined him at Tournai. The defeat had serious strategic consequences. It exposed southern Flanders to the wrath of Philip VI and enabled the French to concentrate their forces against the main army of the coalition in the siege of Tournai.
1340년
Siege of Tournai (1340)
The siege of Tournai occurred during the Edwardian phase of the Hundred Years' War. The siege began when a coalition of England, Flanders, Hainaut, Brabant and the Holy Roman Empire under the command of King Edward III of England besieged the French city of Tournai. This siege would end in the Truce of Espléchin, marking the end of the Tournaisis campaign of 1340.
1341년
Initial campaign of the War of the Breton Succession
The initial campaign of the Breton Civil War took place in 1341 when a French royal army intervened in a succession war between two claimants to the Duchy of Brittany. Brittany was a province of France, but although the dukes of Brittany were vassals of the French kings they governed the duchy as independent rulers. When Duke John III died childless on 30 April 1341, title to the duchy was claimed by both his niece, Joan of Penthièvre, and his younger half-brother, John of Montfort. Joan's claim was exercised through her husband, Charles of Blois, a nephew of the king of France, Philip VI. A complicating factor was the ongoing Hundred Years' War between France and England that had broken out in 1337. A truce was in place which was due to expire in June 1341 but was extended to June 1342.
1342년
Battle of Morlaix
The battle of Morlaix was fought near the village of Lanmeur in Brittany, France, on 30 September 1342 between an Anglo-Breton army and a much larger Franco-Breton force. England, at war with France since 1337 in the Hundred Years' War, had sided with John of Montfort's faction in the Breton Civil War shortly after it broke out in 1341. The French were supporting Duke Charles of Blois, a nephew of the French king.
1342년
Siege of Hennebont
The siege of Hennebont took place between late May and late June 1342 when the forces of Charles of Blois conducted an unsuccessful siege of the fortified port of Hennebont, commanded by Joanna of Montfort. The conflict was a part of the Breton Civil War, a dynastic dispute between two claimants to the Duchy of Brittany which had broken out the previous year. A complicating factor was the pre-existing Hundred Years' War between France and England. Philip VI of France was supporting Charles of Blois, his nephew; Edward III of England had promised military assistance to Joanna, the wife of the rival claimant, John of Montfort. A truce between France and England was in place when the siege started but it expired in June.
1342년
Siege of Brest (1342)
The siege of Brest took place in 1342 during the Breton Civil War. When John III, the duke of Brittany, died childless in 1341 the title was contested by Charles of Blois and John of Montfort. Charles was the nephew of the French king, Philip VI, who supported him with a large army. Charles invaded Brittany, making good progress and taking John prisoner. John's wife, Joanna of Flanders, took up the Montfortist cause and fought on. As France and England had been fighting the Hundred Years' War since 1337 Joanna appealed to Edward III, the English king, for military assistance, which was promised.
1342년 – 1343년
Sieges of Vannes (1342)
The sieges of Vannes of 1342 were a series of four sieges of the town of Vannes that occurred throughout 1342. Two rival claimants to the Duchy of Brittany, John of Montfort and Charles of Blois, competed for Vannes throughout this civil war from 1341 to 1365. The successive sieges ruined Vannes and its surrounding countryside. Vannes was eventually sold off in a truce between England and France, signed in January 1343 in Malestroit. Saved by an appeal of Pope Clement VI, Vannes remained in the hands of its own rulers, but ultimately resided under English control from September 1343 till the end of the war in 1365.
1345년
오베로슈 전투
오베로슈 전투(Battle of Auberoche)는 1345년 가스코뉴 원정 중인 1345년 10월 21일 제1대 랭커스터 공작 그로스몬트의 헨리 휘하의 1,200명의 앵글로-가스코뉴 군대와 루이 드 푸아티에가 지휘하는 7,000명의 프랑스군 사이에서 벌어진 전투이다. 이 전투는 아키텐 북부 페리그 근처의 오베로슈 마을에서 벌어졌다. 당시 가스코니는 영국 왕실의 영토였으며 "영국"군에는 상당 부분의 원주민 가스콘이 포함되었다. 이 전투는 프랑스군에게 큰 패배를 안겨 주었고, 프랑스군은 지도자들이 죽거나 포로가 되는 등 매우 많은 사상자를 냈다.
1345년
Battle of Bergerac
The Battle of Bergerac was fought between Anglo-Gascon and French forces at the town of Bergerac, Gascony, in August 1345 during the Hundred Years' War. In early 1345 Edward III of England decided to launch a major attack on the French from the north, while sending smaller forces to Brittany and Gascony, the latter being both economically important to the English war effort and the proximate cause of the war. The French focused on the threat to northern France, leaving comparatively small forces in the south-west.
1346년
크레시 전투
크레시 전투(Battle of Crécy)는 1346년 8월 26일 북부 프랑스 항구도시 칼레 남쪽에 위치한 크레시앙퐁티외에서 일어난 전투이다. 백년 전쟁에서 가장 중요한 전투로 꼽힌다. 이 전투에서 영국군은 새로운 무기와 전술의 혼합을 통하여 기사도의 시대를 끝냈다고 역사가들은 평가하고 있다.
1346년 – 1347년
Siege of Calais (1346–1347)
The siege of Calais occurred at the conclusion of the Crécy campaign, when an English army under the command of King Edward III of England successfully besieged the French town of Calais during the Edwardian phase of the Hundred Years' War.
1346년
캉 전투 (1346년)
캉 전투(Battle of Caen)는 백년 전쟁의 일환으로 1346년 7월 26일 에드워드 3세가 이끄는 잉글랜드 왕국 군대가 프랑스가 점령한 캉과 노르망디 마을에서 행한 공격이다.
1346년
Battle of Neville's Cross
The Battle of Neville's Cross took place during the Second War of Scottish Independence on 17 October 1346, half a mile to the west of Durham, England. An invading Scottish army of 12,000 led by King David II was defeated with heavy loss by an English army of approximately 6,000–7,000 men led by Ralph Neville, Lord Neville. The battle was named after an Anglo-Saxon stone cross that stood on the hill where the Scots made their stand. After the victory, Neville paid to have a new cross erected to commemorate the day.
1346년
Battle of Blanchetaque
The Battle of Blanchetaque was fought on 24 August 1346 between an English army under King Edward III and a French force commanded by Godemar du Fay. The battle was part of the Crécy campaign, which took place during the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. After landing in the Cotentin Peninsula on 12 July, the English army had burnt a path of destruction through some of the richest lands in France to within 20 miles (32 km) of Paris, sacking a number of towns on the way. The English then marched north, hoping to link up with an allied Flemish army which had invaded from Flanders. They were outmanoeuvred by the French king, Philip VI, who garrisoned all of the bridges and fords over the River Somme and followed the English with his own field army. The area had previously been stripped of food stocks by the French, and the English were essentially trapped.
1346년
Siege of Aiguillon
The siege of Aiguillon, an episode in the Hundred Years' War, began on 1 April 1346 when a French army commanded by John, Duke of Normandy, laid siege to the Gascon town of Aiguillon. The town was defended by an Anglo-Gascon army under Ralph, Earl of Stafford.
1346년
Battle of Saint-Pol-de-Léon
The Battle of Saint-Pol-de-Léon was a minor action during the Breton War of Succession and thus part of the larger Hundred Years War. The battle was fought in June 1346 and marked a minor turning point in the fortunes of the Montfortists and their English allies in Brittany following several setbacks including the imprisonment and subsequent death of their leader, John of Montfort.
1350년
윈첼시 전투
윈첼시 전투(Battle of Winchelsea) 또는 레 에스파뇰 쉬르 메르(Les Espagnols sur Mer) 전투는 1350년 8월 29일 영국과 프랑스 사이의 백년 전쟁의 일부로 일어난 해전이다. 이는 에드워드 3세가 지휘하는 50척의 영국 함대가 샤를 드 라 세르다(Charles de la Cerda)가 지휘하는 47척의 대형 선박으로 구성된 카스티야 함대를 상대로 승리를 거두었다. 14~26척의 카스티야 선박이 나포되었고 여러 척이 침몰했다. 영국 선박 2척만이 침몰한 것으로 알려졌으나 상당한 인명 피해가 발생했다.
1350년
Battle of Calais
The Battle of Calais took place in 1350 when an English force defeated an unsuspecting French army which was attempting to take the city. Despite a truce being in effect the French commander Geoffrey de Charny had planned to take the city by subterfuge, and bribed Amerigo of Pavia, an Italian officer of the city garrison, to open a gate for them. The English king, Edward III, became aware of the plot and personally led his household knights and the Calais garrison in a surprise counter-attack. The French were routed by this smaller force, with significant losses and all their leaders captured or killed.
1351년
Combat of the Thirty
The Combat of the Thirty, occurring on 26 March 1351, was an episode in the Breton War of Succession fought to determine who would rule the Duchy of Brittany. It was an arranged fight between selected combatants from both sides of the conflict, fought at a site midway between the Breton castles of Josselin and Ploërmel among 30 champions, knights, and squires on each side. The challenge was issued by Jean de Beaumanoir, a captain of Charles of Blois supported by King Philip VI of France, to Robert Bemborough, a captain of Jean de Montfort supported by Edward III of England.
1351년
Battle of Ardres
The battle of Ardres was a battle that took place on 8 June 1351 by forces from the Kingdom of France, led by Édouard I de Beaujeu, near the English-held town of Ardres, in a ditch in a river bend, as a part of the Hundred Years' War. In the battle Beajeau was killed and the English commander, John de Beauchamp was captured.
1352년
Battle of Mauron
The Battle of Mauron was fought in 1352 in Brittany during the Breton War of Succession between an Anglo-Breton force supporting the claim of Jean de Montfort and a Franco-Breton force supporting the claim of Charles de Blois. The Anglo-Bretons were victorious. The battle took place in the context of the Hundred Years War.
1356년
푸아티에 전투
푸아티에 전투(Battle of Poitiers)는 1356년 9월 19일 잉글랜드와 프랑스 사이에서 백년 전쟁 중 벌어진 전투이다. 백년전쟁의 1,2기를 거쳐 3차례 영국에게 결정적 승리를 안겨준 전투 중 두 번째 것이다. 3번의 전투는 크레시 전투, 푸아티에 전투, 아쟁쿠르 전투이다.
1356년 – 1357년
Siege of Rennes (1356–1357)
The siege of Rennes was an episode in the War of the Breton Succession during 1356-1357.
1359년 – 1360년
Reims campaign
The Reims campaign took place during the Hundred Years' War. It occurred after the French de facto government rejected the terms of the Treaty of London and consequently Edward III of England organised and commanded an expeditionary army to gain by force what he had failed to win by diplomacy. On 28 October 1359 Edward landed at Calais, and advanced to Reims, where he hoped to be crowned king of France. The strenuous resistance of the citizens frustrated this scheme, and Edward marched into Burgundy, and then he made his way back towards Paris. Failing in an attack on the capital, he was glad to conclude, on 8 May 1360, preliminaries of peace at Brétigny, near Chartres. This treaty, less onerous to France than that of London, took its final form when Edward and John ratified the treaty in Calais on 9 October 1360. By it Edward renounced his claim to France in return for Aquitaine and other French territories in full sovereignty.
1362년
Battle of Brignais
The Battle of Brignais was fought on the 6th of April 1362, between forces of the Kingdom of France under Count Jacques de Bourbon, from whom the later royal Bourbons descend, and the Tard-Venus Free Companies, led by mercenary captains including Petit Meschin and Seguin de Badefol.
1364년
오레 전투
오레 전투(Bataille d'Auray)는 1364년 9월 29일 프랑스의 오레 도시에서 벌어졌다. 이 전투는 백년 전쟁의 일부이기도 한 브르타뉴 계승전쟁에서 가장 중요한 대결이었다.
1364년
Battle of Cocherel
The Battle of Cocherel was fought on 16 May 1364 between the forces of Charles V of France and the forces of Charles II of Navarre under the command of Bertrand du Guesclin, over the succession to the Kingdom of France. The result was a French victory.
1367년
Battle of Nájera
The Battle of Nájera, also known as the Battle of Navarrete, was fought on 3 April 1367 to the northeast of Nájera, in the province of La Rioja, Castile. It was an episode of the first Castilian Civil War which confronted King Peter of Castile with his half-brother Count Henry of Trastámara who aspired to the throne; the war involved Castile in the Hundred Years' War. Castilian naval power, far superior to that of France or England, encouraged the two polities to take sides in the civil war, to gain control over the Castilian fleet.
1370년
Siege of Limoges
The town of Limoges had been under English control but in August 1370 it surrendered to the French, opening its gates to the Duke of Berry. The siege of Limoges was led by the English army led by Edward the Black Prince in the second week in September. On 19 September, the town was taken by storm, followed by much destruction and the deaths of numerous civilians. The sack effectively ended the Limoges enamel industry, which had been famous across Europe, for around a century.
1370년
Battle of Pontvallain
The Battle of Pontvallain, part of the Hundred Years' War, took place in the Sarthe region of north-west France on 4 December 1370, when a French army under Bertrand du Guesclin heavily defeated an English force which had broken away from an army commanded by Sir Robert Knolles. The French numbered 5,200 men, and the English force was approximately the same size.
1372년
Battle of La Rochelle
The Battle of La Rochelle was fought on 22 and 23 June 1372 between a Castilian fleet commanded by the Castilian Almirant Ambrosio Boccanegra and an English fleet commanded by John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke. The Castilian fleet had been sent to attack the English at La Rochelle, which was being besieged by Castile's French allies.
1382년
Battle of Roosebeke
The Battle of Roosebeke took place on 27 November 1382 on the Goudberg between a Flemish army under Philip van Artevelde and a French army under Louis II of Flanders who had called upon the help of the French king Charles VI after he had suffered a defeat during the Battle of Beverhoutsveld. The Flemish army was defeated, Philip van Artevelde was slain and his corpse was put on display.
1415년
아쟁쿠르 전투
아쟁쿠르 전투(Battle of Agincourt)는 백년전쟁(Hundred Years' War)의 전투 중 하나로 1415년 10월 25일 금요일 북부 프랑스의 아쟁쿠르에서 벌어졌다.
1415년
Siege of Harfleur
The siege of Harfleur was conducted by the English army of King Henry V in Normandy, France, during the Hundred Years' War. The defenders of Harfleur surrendered to the English on terms and were treated as prisoners of war. It was the first time that an English army made significant use of gunpowder artillery in the siege of a large urban settlement.
1418년 – 1419년
Siege of Rouen (1418–1419)
The siege of Rouen was a major event in the Hundred Years' War, in which English forces loyal to Henry V captured Rouen, the capital of Normandy, from the Norman French.
1420년
Battle of La Rochelle (1419)
The naval Battle of La Rochelle of 1419 took place between a Castilian and an allied Flemish-Hanseatic fleet. The Castilian victory resulted in their naval supremacy in the Bay of Biscay. but it also led to a protracted conflict with Flanders and the Hanseatic League, which ended in 1443 with further commercial concessions to Castile. The battle was notable for the use of guns by the Castilian fleet.
1421년
Battle of Baugé
The Battle of Baugé, fought between the English and a Franco-Scots army on 22 March 1421 at Baugé, France, east of Angers, was a major defeat for the English in the Hundred Years' War. The Franco-Scots, 5,000 strong, were led by both John Stewart, Earl of Buchan, and Gilbert Motier de La Fayette, the Marshal of France, while the 4,000 strong English army was led by the king's brother Thomas, Duke of Clarence, who was killed in the action.
1421년 – 1422년
Siege of Meaux
The siege of Meaux was fought from October 1421 to May 1422 between the English and the French during the Hundred Years' War. The English were led by King Henry V. Henry became ill while pressing this long siege, which took place during the winter months, and died on 31 August as a result.
1423년
Battle of Cravant
The Battle of Cravant was fought on 31 July 1423, during the Hundred Years' War between English and French forces at the village of Cravant in Burgundy, at a bridge and ford on the banks of the river Yonne, a left-bank tributary of the Seine, southeast of Auxerre. The battle ended in a victory for the English and their Burgundian allies.
1423년
Battle of La Brossinière
The Battle of La Brossinière or Battle of la Gravelle was a battle of the Hundred Years' War on 26 September 1423. It occurred at La Brossinière, between the forces of England and France, shortly after hostilities had resumed, following the battle of Agincourt (1415).
1424년
Battle of Verneuil
The Battle of Verneuil was a battle of the Hundred Years' War, fought on 17 August 1424 near Verneuil-sur-Avre in Normandy between an English army and a combined Franco-Scottish force, augmented by Milanese heavy cavalry. The battle was a significant English victory, and was described by them as a second Agincourt.
1427년
Siege of Montargis
The siege of Montargis took place during the Hundred Years War. A French relief army under Jean de Dunois routed an English force led by the Earl of Warwick.
1428년 – 1429년
Siege of Orléans (1428–1429)
The siege of Orléans marked a turning point of the Hundred Years' War between France and England. The siege took place at the pinnacle of English power during the later stages of the war, but was repulsed by French forces inspired by the arrival of Joan of Arc. The French would then regain the initiative in the conflict and begin to recapture territories previously occupied by the English.
1429년
Battle of Patay
The Battle of Patay, fought on 18 June 1429 during the Hundred Years' War, was the culmination of the Loire Campaign between the French and English in north-central France. In this engagement, the horsemen of the French vanguard inflicted heavy casualties on an English army, most of them sustained by longbowmen as the English cavalry fled. In addition, all but one of the senior English commanders were captured. A victory often credited to Joan of Arc, she was in fact not present for the battle as she had remained with the main body of the French army. The vanguard at Patay was led by La Hire and Jean Poton de Xaintrailles.
1429년
Battle of the Herrings
The Battle of the Herrings, also called the Battle of Rouvray, was a military action near the town of Rouvray in France, just north of Orléans, which took place on 12 February 1429, during the siege of Orléans in the Hundred Years' War. The immediate cause of the battle was an attempt by French and Scottish forces, led by Charles of Bourbon and Sir John Stewart of Darnley, to intercept a supply convoy headed for the English army at Orléans. The English had been laying siege to the city since the previous October. This supply convoy was escorted by an English force under Sir John Fastolf and had been outfitted in Paris, from whence it had departed some time earlier. The battle was decisively won by the English.
1429년
Battle of Beaugency (1429)
The Battle of Beaugency took place on 16 and 17 June 1429. It was one of Joan of Arc's battles. Shortly after relieving the siege at Orléans, French forces recaptured the neighboring district along the Loire river.
1429년
Siege of Paris (1429)
The siege of Paris was an assault undertaken in September 1429 during the Hundred Years' War by the troops of the recently crowned King Charles VII of France, with the notable presence of Joan of Arc, to take the city held by the English and Burgundians. King Charles's French troops failed to enter Paris, defended by the governor Jean de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam and the provost Simon Morhier, with the support of much of the city's population.
1429년
Battle of Jargeau
The Battle of Jargeau took place on 11–12 June 1429. It was part of the Loire Campaign during the Hundred Years' War, where the forces of Charles VII of France successfully recaptured much of the region, following their victory at the Siege of Orléans. The battle ended in victory for Charles VII and is notable as Joan of Arc's first offensive battle.
1429년
Battle of Meung-sur-Loire
The Battle of Meung-sur-Loire took place on 15 June 1429. It was one of Joan of Arc's battles following relief of the siege at Orléans. This campaign was the second sustained French offensive in a generation in the Hundred Years' War.
1430년
Siege of Compiègne
The siege of Compiègne (1430) was conducted by Duke Philip III of Burgundy after the town of Compiègne had refused to transfer allegiance to him under the terms of a treaty with Charles VII of France. The siege is perhaps best known for Joan of Arc's capture by Burgundian troops while accompanying an Armagnac force during a skirmish outside the town on 23 May 1430. Although this was otherwise a minor siege, both politically and militarily, and ultimately ended in a defeat for the Burgundians, the capture of Joan of Arc was an important event of the Hundred Years' War.
1435년
Battle of Gerberoy
The Battle of Gerberoy was fought in 1435 between French and English forces. The French were led by La Hire and Jean Poton de Xaintrailles, who were victorious. The English losses were heavy, which later included their commander, John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel.
1435년 – 1436년
Siege of Paris (1435–1436)
The siege of Paris of 1435-36 took place during the decisive Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War. The resurgent forces of Charles VII of France, having reversed the tide of the conflict, set their sights on capturing the capital, Paris, which had been controlled by forces loyal to Henry V of England then Henry VI of England since 1420.
1436년
Siege of Calais (1436)
The siege of Calais between June and July 1436 was a failed siege of English-held Calais by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, and Flemish militia.
1450년
Battle of Formigny
The Battle of Formigny, fought on 15 April 1450, took place towards the end of the Hundred Years' War between England and France. A decisive French victory that destroyed the last significant English field army in Normandy, it paved the way for the recapture of their remaining strongholds.
1453년
카스티용 전투
카스티용 전투(영어: Battle of Castillon, 프랑스어: Bataille de Castillon)는 1453년 7월 17일 가스코뉴의 카스티용쉬르도르도뉴(Castillon-sur-Dordogne), 오늘날 카스티용라바타이유(Castillon-la-Bataille) 인근에서 잉글랜드와 프랑스 사이에서 벌어진 전투이다. 이 전투에서 잉글랜드군의 지휘관인 제1대 슈루즈버리 백작 존 탈보트가 전사했다.
이 땅의 앞뒤 사건
- 1066년헤이스팅스 전투
- 1066년스탬퍼드브리지 전투
- 1215년마그나 카르타
- 1337년 – 1453년백년 전쟁이 페이지
- 1415년아쟁쿠르 전투
- 약 1450년구텐베르크의 인쇄술
- 1455년 – 1487년장미 전쟁
이 땅을 다스린 나라
역사 국경 데이터(Cliopatria)에서 이곳이 속한 나라입니다. 연도는 데이터 간격(몇 년~100년)만큼 대략적입니다. 누르면 그해 지도로 갑니다.