Thirty Years' War
- Period
- 1618–1648
- Sides
- Holy Roman Empire & Catholic League vs Protestant states, Sweden & France
- Battles
- 66
The Thirty Years' War, fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. An estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from the effects of battle, famine, or disease, with parts of Germany reporting population declines of more than 50%. Related conflicts include the Eighty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco–Spanish War, the Torstenson War, the Dutch–Portuguese War, and the Portuguese Restoration War.
Sources: Wikipedia — Thirty Years' War · CC BY-SA 4.0
Battles 66
1618
Siege of Pilsen
The Siege of Pilsen, 19 September to 21 November 1618, was the first significant action of the Thirty Years' War. Following the Bohemian Revolt, a Bohemian army under Ernst von Mansfeld captured Plzeň.
1618
Battle of Lomnice
The Battle of Lomnice or Lomnice nad Lužnicí occurred on 9 November 1618, during the Bohemian period of the Thirty Years' War. It was fought between the Habsburg Roman Catholic army of Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy, and the Protestant army of Jindřich Matyáš Thurn.
1619
Battle of Sablat
The Battle of Sablat or Záblatí occurred on 10 June 1619, during the Bohemian period of the Thirty Years' War. The battle was fought between a Roman Catholic Imperial army led by Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy and the Protestant army of Ernst von Mansfeld.
1619
Battle of Wisternitz
The Battle of Wisternitz or Dolní Věstonice was fought on 5 August 1619 between a Moravian force of the Bohemian Confederation under Friedrich von Tiefenbach (Teuffenbach) and a Habsburg army under Henri de Dampierre. The battle was a Moravian victory. The battle is part of the Thirty Years' War.
1619
Battle of Humenné
The Battle of Humenné took place on 22–23 November 1619 near Humenné during the first period of the Thirty Years' War between the Transylvanian army and the joined loyalist Hungarian and Polish forces of Lisowczycy. It was the only battle of that war to involve the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1620
Battle of White Mountain
The Battle of White Mountain was fought on 8 November 1620 outside Prague in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War. An army backing Frederick V led by Christian of Anhalt was defeated by forces supporting his rival Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, under Bucquoy and Count Tilly.
1620–1623
Palatinate campaign
The Palatinate campaign, also known as the Spanish conquest of the Palatinate or the Palatinate phase of the Thirty Years' War, was a campaign conducted by the Imperial army of the Holy Roman Empire against the Protestant Union in the Lower Palatinate, during the Thirty Years' War.
1620
Capture of Bacharach
The Capture of Bacharach took place on 1 October 1620 at Bacharach, Electorate of the Palatinate. The conflict was between the Spanish forces commanded by Don Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba and the Protestant forces of Frederick V, Elector Palatine, during the Palatinate campaign in the context of the Thirty Years' War. After a quick start of the invasion of states of Frederick V, proclaimed King of Bohemia, the operations slowed in mid-September, after the Capture of Oppenheim. Don Ambrosio Spinola, the Spanish general in command, assessed at a council of war the choice between undertaking the siege of Heidelberg or, secondarily, the town of Bacharach. The Spanish officers decided to take Bacharach due to the small number of Frederick's scattered forces. On 1 October Córdoba captured Bacharach with a force of 2,500 soldiers, forcing the Anglo-German defenders to surrender.
1620
Siege of Kreuznach
The siege of Kreuznach or the Spanish capture of Kreuznach took place on 10 September 1620, at Kreuznach in the Palatinate, where the Army of Flanders, led by the Spanish Don Ambrosio Spinola, defeated the troops of Frederick V, Elector of the Palatinate, during the Palatinate campaign of the Thirty Years' War. The Army of Flanders was a multinational army in the service of the kings of Spain that was based in the Netherlands during the 16th to 18th centuries. Spinola's troops stormed Bad Kreuznach and its garrison surrendered. Later the town was freed on an oath not to rebel against the Holy Roman Empire.
1621–1623
Siege of Frankenthal
The siege of Frankenthal was a siege of the Palatinate campaign during the Thirty Years' War. A Spanish army under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba besieged the Palatinate fortified city of Frankenthal and its mostly English garrison commanded by John Burroughs. The siege lasted from 1621 to 20 March 1623, when King James I ordered the city to surrender.
1622
Battle of Mingolsheim
The Battle of Mingolsheim was fought on 27 April 1622, near the German village of Wiesloch, 23 km (14 mi) south of Heidelberg, between a Protestant army under General von Mansfeld, Hans Michael Elias von Obentraut, and the Margrave of Baden-Durlach against a Roman Catholic army under Count Tilly.
1622
Battle of Wimpfen
The Battle of Wimpfen took place during the Palatinate campaign period of the Thirty Years' War on 6 May 1622 near Wimpfen.
1622
Battle of Fleurus (1622)
The Battle of Fleurus, 29 August 1622, took place during the Thirty Years' War near Fleurus in Belgium, then part of the Spanish Netherlands. A Spanish army commanded by Córdoba defeated a larger Protestant mercenary force under Ernst von Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick.
1622
Battle of Höchst
The Battle of Höchst was fought between a Catholic League army led by Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly and a Protestant army commanded by Christian the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, close to the town of Höchst, today a suburb of the city of Frankfurt am Main. The result was a one-sided Catholic League victory. The action occurred during the Thirty Years' War.
1622
Siege of Heidelberg (1622)
The siege of Heidelberg or the Imperial-Spanish capture of Heildelberg took place from 23 July to 19 September 1622, at Heidelberg, Electorate of the Palatinate, between the Imperial-Spanish army led by Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly and Don Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba against the Anglo-Protestant forces of Frederick V, Elector Palatine, commanded by Sir Gerard Herbert and Sir Horace Vere during the Palatinate campaign, in the context of the Thirty Years' War. On 16 September the city of Heidelberg was taken by storm, and the Heidelberg Castle surrendered three days later to the Imperial and Spanish forces.
1623
Battle of Stadtlohn
The Battle of Stadtlohn was fought on 6 August 1623 between the armies of the Electoral Palatinate and of the Catholic League during the Thirty Years' War. The League's forces were led by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, the Protestants by Christian of Brunswick. The battle resulted in a resounding Catholic victory that largely ended the military resistance of the Palatinate forces and thus marked the end of the first phase of the Thirty Years' War.
1626
Battle of Lutter
The Battle of Lutter took place on 27 August 1626 during the Thirty Years' War, south of Salzgitter, in Lower Saxony. A combined Danish-German force led by Christian IV of Denmark was defeated by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, commanding an army of the Catholic League loyal to Emperor Ferdinand II.
1626
Battle of Dessau Bridge
The Battle of Dessau Bridge was a significant battle of the Thirty Years' War between Danish Protestants and the Imperial German Catholic forces on the Elbe River outside Dessau, Germany on 25 April 1626.
1628
Siege of Stralsund (1628)
The Siege of Stralsund, 13 May to 4 August 1628, took place during the Thirty Years' War when an Imperial Army under Albrecht von Wallenstein attempted to capture the key Baltic Sea port of Stralsund. Then an independent city and part of the Hanseatic League, Stralsund was initially reinforced by small numbers of Scots mercenaries in Danish service, before Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden sent a larger force under Alexander Leslie.
1628
Battle of Wolgast
The Battle of Wolgast took place on 2 September 1628 during the Thirty Years' War, outside Wolgast in Pomerania. An Imperial army under Albrecht von Wallenstein defeated a Danish expedition commanded by Christian IV of Denmark, and forced them to evacuate the town.
1631
Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)
The Battle of Breitenfeld, 17 September 1631, took place during the Thirty Years' War outside Breitenfeld, Leipzig, in modern Saxony. In one of the most significant battles of the war, a combined Swedish-Saxon force defeated an army made up of Imperial and Catholic League troops.
1631
Sack of Magdeburg
The Sack of Magdeburg, also called the Magdeburg Wedding or Magdeburg's Sacrifice, was the destruction of the Protestant city of Magdeburg on 20–24 May 1631 by the Imperial Army and the forces of the Catholic League, resulting in the deaths of around 20,000, including both defenders and civilians. This event is considered the worst massacre of the Thirty Years' War. Magdeburg, then one of the largest cities within the borders of modern-day Germany, and having well over 25,000 inhabitants in 1630, did not recover its importance until well into the 18th century.
1631
Battle of Werben
The Battle of Werben took place during the Thirty Years' War on 7 August 1631 (N.S.), between the Swedish Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. The Swedes had 15,100 soldiers and were led by Gustavus Adolphus, while the Imperialists had 16,200 soldiers and were led by Field-Marshal Count Tilly. Tilly's troops attacked Gustavus' entrenchments in front of Werben (Elbe), but Swedish batteries and the cavalry under Wolf Heinrich von Baudissin forced them to retreat, at the cost of 6,000 Imperials and 200 Swedes.
1631
Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder
The Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder on 13 April 1631 took place during the Thirty Years' War. The Imperial city of Frankfurt an der Oder was taken by a Swedish army, the first town within the Empire to be occupied outside Pomerania, where Sweden had established a bridgehead in 1630.
1632
Battle of Lützen (1632)
The Battle of Lützen, fought on 16 November 1632, was one of the most important of the Thirty Years' War. A Swedish army under Gustavus Adolphus, supported by troops from Saxony and Hesse-Kassel, narrowly defeated an Imperial force under Albrecht von Wallenstein. Both sides suffered heavy casualties, with Gustavus himself among the dead.
1632
Battle of Rain
The Battle of Rain took place on 15 April 1632 near Rain in Bavaria during the Thirty Years' War. A Swedish army under Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden defeated a Catholic League force led by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, who later died of wounds received in the battle.
1632
Battle of the Alte Veste
The Battle of the Alte Veste or Battle of Fürth was a significant battle of the Thirty Years' War in which Gustavus Adolphus' attacking forces were defeated by Wallenstein's entrenched troops. It was fought on 3 September 1632 between the Catholic forces of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and the Protestant forces of King Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden during the period of Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years War.
1632
Siege of Nuremberg
The siege of Nuremberg was a campaign that took place in 1632 about the Imperial City of Nuremberg during the Thirty Years' War.
1632
Battle of Wiesloch (1632)
The Battle of Wiesloch occurred on 16 August 1632 during the Thirty Years' War near the German city of Wiesloch, south of Heidelberg.
1633
Battle of Oldendorf
The Battle of Oldendorf, took place on 8 July 1633 during the Thirty Years' War near Hessisch-Oldendorf in Lower Saxony. Troops besieging Hamelin led by the Duke of Brunswick combined with their Swedish allies to defeat an Imperial army sent to relieve the town.
1634
Battle of Nördlingen (1634)
The Battle of Nördlingen, fought over two days from 5 to 6 September 1634, was a major battle of the Thirty Years' War. An Imperial–Spanish force led by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand and Ferdinand of Hungary inflicted a crushing defeat on the Swedish–German army led by Gustav Horn and Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar.
1634
Battle of Strasbourg Bridge
The Battle of Strasbourg Bridge, 26 to 27 September 1634, took place during the Thirty Years' War, outside the Free imperial city of Strasbourg. Following their defeat at Nördlingen on 6 September by an Imperial-Spanish force, the Swedish commander, Otto Louis, tried to retreat over the Rhine using the Strasbourg bridge.
1635
Battle of Les Avins
The Battle of Les Avins took place on 20 May 1635, outside the town of Les Avins, near Huy in modern Belgium, then part of the Bishopric of Liège. It was the first major engagement of the 1635 to 1659 Franco-Spanish War, a connected conflict of the Thirty Years' War.
1635
Siege of Leuven
The siege of Leuven was an important siege in the Thirty Years' War in which a Franco-Dutch army under Frederick Henry of Orange and the French Marshals Urbain de Maillé-Brezé and Gaspard III de Coligny, who had invaded the Spanish Netherlands from two sides, laid siege to the city of Leuven, defended by a force of 4,000 comprising local citizen and student militias with Walloons, Germans, Spanish and Irish of the Army of Flanders under Anthonie Schetz, Baron of Grobbendonck. Poor organization and logistics and the spread of sickness among the French, along with the appearance of an Imperial-Spanish relief army of 11,000 under Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand and Ottavio Piccolomini, forced the invading army to lift the siege. This failure allowed the Spanish forces to take the initiative and soon the invaders were forced into a headlong retreat.
1636
Battle of Wittstock
The Battle of Wittstock was fought on 4 October 1636, near Wittstock in northern Germany, during the Thirty Years' War. A Swedish army commanded jointly by Johan Banér and Alexander Leslie won a decisive victory against a combined Imperial-Saxon army, led by Count Melchior von Hatzfeld and John George I, Elector of Saxony.
1638
Battle of Rheinfelden
The Battle of Rheinfelden was a military event in the course of the Thirty Years' War, consisting in fact of two battles to the north and south of the present-day town of Rheinfelden. On one side was a French-allied mercenary army led by Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar while the other side consisted of a joint Bavarian and Holy Roman Empire army and led by Johann von Werth and Federico Savelli. Bernhard was beaten in the first battle but managed to defeat and capture Werth and Savelli in the second.
1638
Siege of Fuenterrabía (1638)
The siege of Hondarribia of 1638 took place in June – September 1638, between Spain and France during the Thirty Years' War and the Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659).
1638
Siege of Breisach
The siege of Breisach was fought on 18 August — 17 December 1638 as part of the Thirty Years' War. It ended after several unsuccessful relief attempts by Imperial forces with the surrender of the Imperial garrison to Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, commander of a Protestant army in French service.
1638
Battle of Wittenweiher
The Battle of Wittenweiher took place on August 9, 1638, near the village of Wittenweiher today: Wittenweier, a district of Schwanau, Baden-Württemberg, which was completely destroyed in the course of the battle.
1638
Battle of Vlotho
The Battle of Vlotho was fought on 17 October 1638. It was a victory for the Imperial Army under the command of Field Marshal Melchior von Hatzfeldt, and ended the attempt by Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine, to recapture the Electoral Palatinate.
1639
Battle of Chemnitz
The Battle of Chemnitz, 14 April 1639, took place near Chemnitz in Saxony during the Thirty Years' War. Swedish forces under Johan Banér inflicted a crushing defeat on a combined Saxon/Imperial detachment under Rodolfo Giovanni Marazzino and von Puchheim.
1639
Relief of Thionville
The relief of Thionville took place on 7 June 1639, during the Thirty Years' War. The allied Imperial-Spanish forces under the overall command of Ottavio Piccolomini hammered the French force under the leadership of Marquis de Feuquieres, causing it to lift the siege of the Thionville stronghold.
1640
Siege of Turin (1640)
The 1640 siege of Turin was a major action in two distinct wars: the Franco-Spanish War (1635–59) and the Piedmontese Civil War. When Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano and his Piedmontese faction captured Turin, the French garrison supporting the Regent Christine Marie of France retired within the citadel and continued to resist. A Franco-Piedmontese army led by Henri de Lorraine, count of Harcourt and Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne invested the forces under Prince Thomas within the city. Finally, a Spanish army under Diego Felipez de Guzmán, Marquis of Leganés appeared and encircled the French besiegers.
1640
Siege of Arras (1640)
The siege of Arras took place from 22 June to 9 August 1640, during the Franco-Spanish War that had begun in 1635, a connected conflict of the Thirty Years' War. A French army besieged the Spanish-held town of Arras, capital of the province of Artois, then part of the Spanish Netherlands, which surrendered after holding out for 48 days.
1641
Battle of La Marfée
The Battle of La Marfée took place on 6 July 1641, during the 1635 to 1659 Franco-Spanish War. Fought near Sedan, France, a French army led by the Duke of Châtillon, was defeated by an Imperial-Spanish force under Lamboy, supported by French rebels led by the Comte de Soissons and Bouillon.
1641
Battle of Preßnitz
The Battle of Preßnitz was a military engagement fought on 27 March [O.S. 17 March] 1641 during the Thirty Years' War. In the battle, Imperial troops under Octavio Piccolomini defeated the Swedish army under Field Marshal Johan Baner.
1642
Battle of Breitenfeld (1642)
The Second Battle of Breitenfeld, also known as the First Battle of Leipzig, took place during the Thirty Years' War on 2 November 1642 at Breitenfeld, north-east of Leipzig in Germany. A Swedish Army commanded by Lennart Torstensson defeated an Imperial Army under Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria and his deputy Ottavio Piccolomini.
1642
Battle of Honnecourt
The Battle of Honnecourt took place on 26 May 1642, during the 1635 to 1659 Franco-Spanish War. A Spanish army led by Francisco de Melo defeated and largely destroyed a French force under the Comte de Guiche.
1642
Battle of Kempen
The Battle of Kempen took place on 17 January 1642 during the Thirty Years' War, outside Kempen, Germany. A combined Franco-Hessian army, led by de Guébriant and von Eberstein respectively, defeated an Imperial force under General de Lamboy.
1643
Battle of Rocroi
The Battle of Rocroi, fought on 19 May 1643, was a major engagement of the Thirty Years' War between a French army, led by the 21-year-old Duke of Enghien and Spanish forces under General Francisco de Melo only five days after the accession of Louis XIV to the throne of France after his father's death. Rocroi shattered the myth of invincibility of the Spanish tercios, the pike and shot infantry units that had dominated European battlefields for the previous 120 years. The battle is therefore often considered to mark the end of Spanish military greatness and the beginning of French hegemony in Europe in the second half-17th century during the reign of Louis XIV. After Rocroi, the Spanish progressively transformed the tercio system incorporating more of the line infantry doctrine used by the French over time.
1643
Battle of Tuttlingen
The Battle of Tuttlingen was part of the Thirty Years' War and was fought in Tuttlingen on 24 November 1643 between a French-led army under Marshal Josias Rantzau and the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria, Spain, and the exiled Duke of Lorraine, all led by Franz von Mercy. The French army—including the so-called Weimarans or Bernhardines, German troops once in service of Bernard of Saxe-Weimar—was wiped out in a surprise attack in heavy snowfall, reversing French strategic gains since 1638. The French court suppressed news of the defeat and it remains largely unknown today, even among historians of the war.
1644
Battle of Freiburg
The Battle of Freiburg, fought over three days on 3, 5, and 9 August 1644, took place during the Thirty Years' War, near Freiburg im Breisgau, now in Baden-Württemberg. A French relief army of 16,000, led jointly by Condé and Turenne, sought to recapture the town, which had recently surrendered to a Bavarian force under Franz von Mercy. In one of the bloodiest battles of the war, both sides incurred heavy casualties, with neither gaining a clear advantage.
1644
Battle of Fehmarn (1644)
The battle of Fehmarn took place north-west of the island of Fehmarn, now part of Germany, in the Baltic Sea. A combined Swedish fleet, with a large element of hired Dutch ships, defeated a Danish fleet and took 1,000 prisoners, including Ulfeldt, Benjamin Grabov and von Jasmund. The Danish admiral Pros Mund was killed in the battle.
1644
Battle of Listerdyb
This battle took place on 16 May 1644 during the Torstenson War near List Deep, between Sylt and Rømø in western Denmark. Nine Danish ships under King Christian IV forced a retreat back into List Deep of 26 smaller Dutch ships which had been leased to Sweden. 4 more Dutch ships from Marcus' squadron appeared during the battle but took no part.
1644
Battle of Jüterbog
The Battle of Jüterbog was fought in Jüterbog on 3 December 1644 between Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire, resulting in a Swedish victory. The cavalry of the main Imperial army tried to break out of its blockade by the Swedish in Magdeburg but was caught and mostly shattered by the Swedes.
1645
Battle of Jankau
The Battle of Jankau, took place on 6 March 1645 during the later stages of the Thirty Years' War, near Jankov in Bohemia. It featured Swedish and Imperial armies, each containing around 16,000 men.
1645
Battle of Nördlingen (1645)
The Battle of Nördlingen (1645) took place on 3 August 1645 in the later stages of the Thirty Years' War, southeast of Nördlingen near the village of Alerheim. A combined Franco-Hessian army led by d'Enghien and Turenne defeated a Bavarian force led by Franz von Mercy.
1645
Battle of Herbsthausen
The Battle of Herbsthausen, 5 May 1645, took place during the Thirty Years' War, near Bad Mergentheim, in Baden-Württemberg. A French army led by Turenne was surprised and comprehensively defeated by a Bavarian force under Franz von Mercy.
1645
Siege of Brno
The siege of Brno, which occurred from 3 May to 23 August 1645, was the second Swedish siege of the city of Brno in the last years of the Thirty Years' War. The Brno garrison, consisting of 500 soldiers and about 1,000 Brno residents, successfully defended the city against about 28,000 soldiers of General Lennart Torstensson. The success of the defenders was the starting point of a brilliant career for their commander, Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches, in the service of the Habsburgs; the siege kept the Swedish army occupied for several months. This Austrian victory ultimately contributed to Brno becoming the metropolis of Moravia, at the expense of the conquered Olomouc.
1646
Siege of Dunkirk (1646)
The siege of Dunkirk was a siege commenced by France under the command of Louis, le Grand Condé with naval support of the Dutch Republic under the command of admiral Maarten Tromp, who were able to blockade the city to help Condé's siege.
1647
Battle of Triebl
The Battle of Triebl or Battle of Třebel took place on 22 August 1647 during the Thirty Years' War. Imperial cavalry under Raimondo Montecuccoli and Johann von Werth launched a surprise attack on the Swedish camp of Carl Gustaf Wrangel and inflicted 380, or more than 1,300, losses on them in exchange for 200–300 casualties. Both sides claimed victory after the battle. The Imperial attack helped convince Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria to abandon the Truce of Ulm in September and rejoin the war on the Imperial side.
1648
Battle of Lens
The Battle of Lens was the last major battle of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). A French force commanded by Louis, Grand Condé defeated a Spanish army under Archduke Leopold Wilhelm. The battle cemented the reputation of Condé as one of the greatest generals of his age.
1648
Battle of Prague (1648)
The Battle of Prague, which occurred between 25 July and 1 November 1648 was the last action of the Thirty Years' War. While the negotiations for the Peace of Westphalia were proceeding, Sweden took the opportunity to mount one last campaign into Bohemia. The main result, and probably the main aim, was to loot the fabulous art collection assembled in Prague Castle by Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (1552–1612), the pick of which was taken down the Elbe in barges and shipped to Sweden.
1648
Battle of Zusmarshausen
The Battle of Zusmarshausen was fought on 17 May 1648 between Bavarian-Imperial forces under von Holzappel and an allied Franco-Swedish army under the command of Carl Gustaf Wrangel and Turenne in the modern Augsburg district of Bavaria, Germany. The allied force emerged victorious, and the Imperial army was only rescued from annihilation by the stubborn rearguard fighting of Raimondo Montecuccoli and his cavalry.
1648
Battle of Wevelinghoven
The Battle of Wevelinghoven or Battle of Grevenbroich was one of the final battles of the Thirty Years' War. It took place on 14 June 1648 between troops of Holy Roman Empire and of the victorious Hesse-Cassel. Several sources cite the Julian date of 4 June.
Earlier and later events nearby
- c. 1450Gutenberg's printing press
- 1517Ninety-five Theses
- 1543De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
- 1618–1648Thirty Years' WarThis page
- 1683Battle of Vienna
- 1740–1748War of the Austrian Succession
- 1756–1763Seven Years' War
Who ruled this land
States that held this place in the historical borders data (Cliopatria). Years are approximate, as fine as the data's snapshots (every few years to a century). Tap to open the map for that year.
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