प्रारंभिक मुस्लिम विजय
- अवधि
- 622 – 750
- पक्ष
- ख़िलाफ़त vs बाइज़ेंटाइन, सासानी और अन्य
- लड़ाइयाँ
- 57
प्रारंभिक मुस्लिम विजय या प्रारंभिक इस्लामी विजय, जिन्हें अरब विजय भी कहा जाता है, ये पैग़म्बर मुहम्मद ﷺ, इस्लाम के संस्थापक, द्वारा आरंभ किए गए धार्मिक युद्धों की एक श्रृंखला थी, जिसे बाद में प्रारंभिक मुसलमानों ने जारी रखा। 622 ई. में आप ﷺ ने अरब प्रायद्वीप के मदीना में प्रथम इस्लामी राज्य की स्थापना की, जहाँ से मुस्लिम सेनाओं ने राशिदून खिलाफत और फिर उमय्यद खिलाफत के काल में तीव्र गति से विस्तार किया और अगली एक शताब्दी के दौरान इस्लामी विधि का प्रसार पश्चिमी एशिया और उत्तरी अफ्रीका के अधिकांश भागों, दक्षिण एशिया और मध्य एशिया के कुछ भागों तथा भूमध्य सागर के यूरोपीय क्षेत्रों तक हो गया। स्कॉटिश इतिहासकार जेम्स बुकान के अनुसार: "गति और व्यापकता की दृष्टि से, प्रथम अरब विजयों की तुलना केवल सिकंदर महान की विजयों से की जा सकती है और ये अधिक स्थायी थीं।" विस्तार के शिखर पर, खिलाफतों के अधीन मुस्लिम क्षेत्र लगभग 13,000,000 वर्ग किलोमीटर तक फैला हुआ था, जो पूर्व में भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप से पश्चिम में आइबेरियाई प्रायद्वीप तक विस्तृत था।
स्रोत: विकिपीडिया — प्रारंभिक मुस्लिम विजय · CC BY-SA 4.0
लड़ाइयाँ 57
624
बद्र की लड़ाई
बद्र की लड़ाई सन् 624 में नवोदित मुस्लिम सेना और मक्का के क़ुरैश क़बीले की सेना के बीच आधुनिक सउदी अरब के हिजाज़ क्षेत्र में 13 मार्च को लड़ा गया था। यह इस्लाम धर्म में पहली जंग थी। इसका उद्देश्य एक तिजारती काफिले के हमले का बदला लेना था। कुरैश कबीले के लोगों ने मोहम्मद के साथियों पर बहुत अत्याचार किया था इसके बदले में यह जंग हुई। इस जंग में इस्लाम धर्म के चारों ख़लीफ़ा भी मौजूद थे। इसमें मुस्लिम सेनाओं के नेतृत्व पैग़म्बर मुहम्मद साहब ने किया था और अंततः उनकी जीत हुई।
624
ग़ज़वा ए बनी क़ैनुक़ाअ़
ग़ज़वा-ए-बनी क़ैनुक़ाअ़ इस्लाम के पैगंबर मुहम्मद का एक अभियान था जिसे बनू क़यनुका का आक्रमण और यहूदी जनजाति बनी क़ैनुक़ाअ़ के खिलाफ अभियान के रूप में भी जाना जाता है, ईस्वी सन् 624 में हुआ था। यहूदियों ने बाजार में मुस्लिम महिला का यौन उत्पीड़न किया। नाकाबंदी के पंद्रह दिनों के बाद जनजाति ने आखिरकार आत्मसमर्पण कर दिया। मुहम्मद, जो एक निर्णय लेने वाले थे, अंततः अब्दुल्ला इब्न उबैय के आग्रह के आगे झुक गए और उन को निष्कासित करने का फैसला किया।
625
उहुद की लड़ाई
उहुद की लड़ाई को उहुद पहाड़ के उत्तर की घाटी के पास रेगिस्तान में में मदीना के मुसलमानों और मक्का के कुरैश के बीच लड़ी गई थी। इन दोनों पक्षों का नेतृत्व क्रमशः हजरत मुहम्मद और अबू सुफियान इब्न हर्ब ने किया था। इस्लाम के इतिहास में यह दूसरी बड़ी लड़ाई है। इससे पहले 624 में इन दोनों पक्षों के बीच बद्र की जंग लड़ी गई थी। उस हार का बदला लेने के लिये ये लड़ाई हुई थी इसका नतीजा बगेर हार जीत का रहा था।
627
खंदक़ की लड़ाई
खाई की लड़ाई को कन्फेडरेट्स की लड़ाई भी कहा जाता है, 30 दिनों की घेराबंदी थी अरब और यहूदी जनजातियों द्वारा याथ्रिब का। संघीय सेनाओं की ताकत छह सौ घोड़ों और कुछ ऊंटों के साथ लगभग 10,000 पुरुषों का अनुमान है, जबकि मेडिनन रक्षकों की संख्या 3,000 थी।
628
ख़ैबर की लड़ाई
ख़ैबर का युद्ध इस्लाम के प्रारंभिक इतिहास की एक महत्वपूर्ण घटना थी जिससे शुरुआती मुसलमानों और हिजाज़ के यहूदियों के बीच के निर्णायक युद्ध के रूप में देखा जाता है जिसमें यहूदियों ने हथियार डाल दिये थे। इस लड़ाई में इस्लामी पैग़म्बर मुहम्मद के चाचा जात भाई और चौथे खलीफ़ा अली की बहादुरी भी स्मरणीय थी।
629
ग़ज़वा ए मूता
ग॒जवा-ए-मूता या मूता की लड़ाई युद्व जो इस्लाम के पैग़म्बर मुहम्मद की सेना और बाइज़ेंटाइन साम्राज्य की सेना और उनके ईसाई घासनीद जागीरदारों के साथ सितंबर 629 में में जॉर्डन नदी के पूर्व में मुताह गांव के पास हुआ था।
629
मक्का पर विजय
मक्का पर विजय उस घटना को संदर्भित करती है जब 11 जनवरी, 630 ईस्वी, (जूलियन), 20 रमजान, 8 एएच पर हज़रत मुहम्मद साहब के नेतृत्व में मुस्लिमों द्वारा मक्का पर विजय प्राप्त की गई थी। हज़रत मुहम्मद साहब ने 6 रमजान की यात्रा शुरू की, 18 रमजान पर मक्का में प्रवेश किया।
630
गज़वा ए हुनैन
ग़ज़वा ए हुनैन या हुनैन की लड़ाई 630 में पैगंबर मुहम्मद और उनके अनुयायियों द्वारा मक्का से ताइफ़ तक एक सड़क पर अरब जनजातीयों हवाज़िन और इसकी उप-शाखा बनू सक़ीफ़ के खिलाफ लड़ाई थी मुसलमानों की जीत के साथ समाप्त हुई, जिन्होंने बड़ी मात्रा में माल पर कब्जा कर लिया। इस युद्ध का उल्लेख सूरह तौबा में किया गया है, जो कुरआन में वर्णित लड़ाइयों में से एक है।
630
गज़वा ए तायफ़
ग़ज़वा ए तायफ़ या ताइफ़ की घेराबंदी 630 ईस्वी में पैगंबर मुहम्मद के नेतृत्व में ताइफ़ शहर की घेराबंदी की गई, जिसे हवाज़िन और बनू सक़ीफ़ जनजातियों द्वारा नियंत्रित किया गया था, जो गज़वा ए हुनैन लड़ाई में हार गए थे यह लड़ाई उसी का भाग है। ताइफ़ के लोग इस घेराबंदी से बचने में कामयाब रहे, और केवल तबुक अभियान अभियान के बाद मुहम्मद के प्रति अपनी वफादारी की घोषणा करते हुए इस्लाम में परिवर्तित हो गए। ताइफ़ जनजाति के प्रमुखों में से एक, उरवाह बिन मसऊद इस घेराबंदी के समय नहीं था, और बाद में जिसने अपने लोगों को इस्लाम में परिवर्तित होने के लिए प्रेरित किया।
632
Battle of al-Yamama
The Battle of al-Yamama was fought in December 632 as part of the Ridda Wars against a rebellion within the Rashidun Caliphate in the region of al-Yamama between the forces of Abu Bakr and Musaylima, a self-proclaimed prophet. This battle was a part of a multi-prolonged engagement in the plains of Aqrama and the city of Al-Hadiqat.
632
Battle of Buzakha
The Battle of Buzakha was a major military battle in the Ridda Wars or Wars of Apostasy. It took place between the army of the Rashidun Caliphate under command of Khalid ibn al-Walid and the Apostate forces under Tulayha, in September 632.
632
Battle of Zafar
The Battle of Zafar took place in 632 between Khalid ibn al-Walid, a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and a tribal chieftess called Salma. Khalid defeated her and she died on the battlefield. The battle was part of the Ridda Wars.
632
Battle of Ghamra
The Battle of Ghamra took place between Muslim Arab general Khalid ibn al-Walid and the remaining army of Buzakha, 20 miles from Buzakha.
633
अल अनबर की लड़ाई
मुस्लिम अरब सेना खालिद इब्न अल- वालिद की कमान के अधीन थी और अल अनबर की लड़ाई इराक के प्राचीन शहर बाबुल में हुआ थी। खालिद इब्न अल वालिद ने शहर के किले में सैसोनियन फारसियों को घेर लिया, जिसकी मजबूत दीवार थी घेराबंदी में कई मुस्लिम धनुर्धारियों का इस्तेमाल किया गया। फ़ारसी गवर्नर, शिरजाद ने अंततः आत्मसमर्पण कर दिया और मुस्लिम सेना को प्रवेश होने की अनुमति दी। अल-अनबर की लड़ाई को अक्सर "आंख की कार्रवाई" के रूप में याद किया जाता है क्योंकि लड़ाई में प्रयुक्त मुस्लिम धनुर्धारियों को फ़ारसी गराज के "आंखों" के उद्देश्य से बताया गया था।
633
Battle of Ullais
The Battle of Ullais was fought between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Persian Empire in the middle of June 633 AD in Iraq, and is sometimes referred to as the Battle of Blood River since, as a result of the battle, there were enormous amounts of Persian Sasanian and Arab Christian casualties.
633
Battle of Ayn al-Tamr
The Battle of Ayn al-Tamr took place in modern-day Iraq (Mesopotamia) between the early Muslim Arab forces and the Sassanians along with their Arab Christian auxiliary forces. Ayn al-Tamr is located west of Anbar and was a frontier post which had been established to aid the Sassanids.
633
Battle of Naqra
The Battle of Naqra took place in October 633 between rebel armies and Khalid ibn al-Walid's army during the Ridda Wars.
634
Battle of Ajnadayn
The Battle of Ajnadayn was fought in July or August 634, in a location close to Bayt Jibrin; it was the first major pitched battle between the Byzantine (Roman) Empire and the army of the Arab Rashidun Caliphate. The result of the battle was a decisive Muslim victory. The details of this battle are mostly known through Muslim sources, such as the ninth-century historian al-Waqidi.
634
Siege of Damascus (634)
The siege of Damascus (634) lasted from 21 August to 19 September 634 before the city fell to the Rashidun Caliphate. Damascus was the first major city of the Eastern Roman Empire to fall in the Muslim conquest of Syria.
634
वोसरा की लड़ाई
वोसरा की लड़ाई; Battle of Bosra: सन् 634 ईस्वी में सीरिया के वोसरा नामक शहर में लड़ी गयी थी जो रोमन शासकों का एक प्रमुख केन्द्र था रशीदुन खलीफा हजरत अबू वकर ने इस लड़ाई का नेत्वृव कमांडर अम्र इब्न अल आश, को शोपा था जिसमें मुस्लिम सेना को अभियान में कोई खास सफलता नहीं मिली उसी ही के उपरान्त दुसरे प्रयास के लिए ख़ालिद बिन वलीद को सौपा गया जो मेसोपोटामिया, इराक के सफल विजय अभियानो का नेत्वृत कर चुके थे जो चार हजार मुस्लिम सेना के साथ वोसरा के अभियान का नेत्वृत करते हुए वोसरा की घेरावंदी कर लेते हैं मुस्लिम सेना वोसरा पर विजय प्राप्त कर लेती है इस लड़ाई में रोमन सेना के 8000 सैनिक मारे गये थे। इतिहास में मुस्लिम सेना और रोमन शासकों के विरुध्द यह प्रथम लड़ाई थी जो सात वीं सदी से अधिक समय तक अनेक लड़ाईया जारी रही जिसमें रोमनो की शक्ति क्षीण होती गयी 750 ईस्वी में रोमनो का लेवन्त क्षेत्र से पतन हो गया।...
634
Battle of al-Qaryatayn
Battle of al-Qaryatayn was a minor battle between the Christian Ghassanid Arab allies of the Byzantine Empire, and the Rashidun Caliphate army. It was fought after Khalid ibn al-Walid had conquered Tadmur in Syria. His army marched to al-Qaryatayn, the inhabitants of which resisted the Muslim army. They were fought, defeated and plundered. This resulted in the conquest of Al-Qaryatayn by the Muslim forces.
634
Battle of Marj Rahit (634)
The Battle of Marj Rahit was a minor conflict fought between the Ghassanid Arab allies of Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun army under the command of Khalid bin Walid in April 634. The morning after the Battle of Huwwarin, Khalid moved his army of 9000 towards Damascus.
635
Battle of Fahl
The Battle of Fahl, also known as the Battle of the Marshes and the Battle of Beisan, was a major battle in the Muslim conquest of Byzantine Syria fought by the Arab troops of the Rashidun Caliphate and Byzantine forces at or near Pella (Fahl) and nearby Scythopolis (Beisan), both in the Jordan Valley, in December 634 or January 635.
635 – 636
Siege of Emesa
The siege of Emesa was laid by the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate from December 635 up until March 636. This led to the Islamic conquest of Emesa, which was a major trading city of the Byzantine Empire in the Levant.
636
यर्मोक का युद्ध
यर्मोक का युद्ध बीजान्टिन साम्राज्य की सेना और रशीदुन खिलाफत की मुस्लिम अरब सेनाओं के बीच एक बड़ी लड़ाई थी। 6 मार्च, 636 में यर्मोक नदी के पास छह दिनों तक चलने वाली कई श्रृंखलाएं शामिल थीं, जो आज सीरिया - जॉर्डन और इजराइल की सीमाएं हैं, गलील सागर के पूर्व में हैं। युद्ध का परिणाम एक पूर्ण मुस्लिम विजय था जो सीरिया में बीजान्टिन शासन को समाप्त कर चुका था। यर्मोक के युद्ध को सैन्य इतिहास में सबसे निर्णायक लड़ाइयों में से एक माना जाता है।
636
Battle of al-Qadisiyyah
The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah took place between the armies of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire in November 636. It resulted in a decisive victory for the Rashidun army and is considered to be one of the most significant engagements of the Muslim conquest of Persia, and thereby of the early Muslim conquests as a whole. After losing al-Qadisiyyah, the Sasanian army was left unable to defend against the Rashidun siege of Ctesiphon, thus being forced to retreat from all of Mesopotamia. This development enabled further Rashidun offensives into the Persian mainland and culminated in the Sasanian Empire's annexation by 651.
636 – 637
यरुशलम की घेराबंदी (636-637)
जेरूशलम की घेराबंदी; जेरूसलम की घेराबंदी एक सैन्य संघर्ष का हिस्सा थी जो वीजान्टिन साम्राज्य और रशीदुन खलीफा के बीच 637 ईस्वी में हुई थी यह जब शुरू हुई तब रशीदुनी सेना की कमान अबू उबैदाह के तहत नवंबर 636 ईस्वी में जेरूशलम ने घेर लिया था जिसके छः महीने बाद जेरूशलम शासक पैट्रिआर्क सोफ्रोनियस ने इस्लामी सेना को जेरूशलम में प्रवेश करने पर सहमति जताई जिसके बाद खलीफा उमर ने 637 ईस्वी में शहर को प्रस्तुत करने के लिए जेरूशलम की यात्रा की इसी तरह जेरूशलम शासक पेट्रिआर्क ने खलीफा उमर को आत्मसमर्पण कर दिया जो जेरूशलम की मुस्लिम विजय ने फिलिस्तीन पर अरब मुस्लिम नियंत्रण को मजबूत कर दिया जो 11 वीं शताब्दी के अंत में तक रहा 11 वीं शताब्दी में ईसाई धर्म योद्धाऔ ने आक्रमण कर मुस्लिमों से जीत लिया लेकिन कुछ समय के बाद उन्हें जेरूशलम से कुर्द शासक सलाउद्दीन के रूप में हार का सामना करना पड़ा जो पुनः जेरूशलम मुस्लिमों के अधीन हो गया।
637
Battle of the Iron Bridge
The Battle of the Iron Bridge was fought between the Muslim Rashidun army and the Byzantine army in 637 AD. The battle, which the Muslims won, took its name from a nearby nine-arch stone bridge over the Orontes River, which had gates trimmed with iron blades. It was one of the last battles fought between the Byzantines and Rashidun Caliphate in the province of Syria. In the aftermath of the battle, the province's capital, Antioch, fell, marking the near-complete annexation of the province into the Rashidun Caliphate.
637
Siege of Aleppo (637)
The siege of Aleppo, the Byzantine stronghold and one of few remaining Byzantine castles in the northern Levant after the decisive Battle of Yarmouk, was laid between August and October 637.
637
Battle of Jalula
The Battle of Jalula was fought between the Sasanian Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate soon after the conquest of Ctesiphon by the latter.
637
Siege of Ctesiphon (637)
The siege of Ctesiphon took place from January to March 637, shortly after the Rashidun Caliphate defeated the Sasanian Empire in the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah. As it had served as the Persian capital city since the Parthian period, the Rashidun victory at Ctesiphon was one of the most significant events of the Muslim conquest of Persia; Muslim rule was consolidated over all of Mesopotamia. The victory of the Rashidun army during this siege also set the stage for further Muslim invasions of the Persian mainland, where the Sasanian army found itself confined.
637
Battle of Hazir
The Battle of Hazir or Ma'arakah al-Haadhir took place between the Byzantine army and the Rashidun army's elite cavalry, the Mobile guard. It took place in June 637, three miles east of Qinnasrin at Al-Hadher in present-day Syria.
638
Siege of Germanicia
The siege of Germanicia or Marash was led by Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate during their campaigns in Anatolia in 638. The city surrendered without much bloodshed. The expedition is considered significant due to the fact that it marked the end of the military career of the Arab Muslim general Khalid ibn Walid, who was dismissed from the army a few months after his return from the expedition.
640
Battle of Heliopolis
The Battle of Heliopolis or Ayn Shams was a decisive battle in 640 between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantine Empire forces for the control of Egypt. Though there were several major skirmishes after this battle, it effectively decided the fate of the Byzantine rule in Egypt, and opened the door for the Muslim conquest of the Roman Exarchate of Africa.
641
Siege of Alexandria (641)
Forces of the Rashidun Caliphate seized the major Mediterranean port of Alexandria from the Eastern Roman Empire in the middle of the 7th century AD. Alexandria had been the capital of the Byzantine province of Egypt. This ended Eastern Roman maritime control and economic dominance of the Eastern Mediterranean and thus continued to shift geopolitical power further in favor of the Rashidun Caliphate.
641 – 642
Siege of Shushtar
The siege of Shushtar was fought from 641 to 642 between the Sasanian Empire and the invading Arab Muslims of the Rashidun Caliphate. Shushtar was an ancient strong stronghold in Khuzestan, and was attacked by the Arabs under their commander Abu Musa Ashaari. Although the city managed to resist the Arabs, the Sasanians later faced desertion, which resulted in the Arabs capturing the city and capturing its commander, Hormuzan.
642
Battle of Nahavand
The Battle of Nahavand, also spelled Nihavand or Nahawand, was fought in 642 between the Rashidun Muslim forces under An-Numan ibn Muqarrin and Sasanian army under King Yazdegerd III. Yazdegerd escaped to the Merv area, but was unable to raise another substantial army. The battle ended in a victory for the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanids consequently lost the surrounding cities including Spahan (Isfahan). The engagement resulted in a catastrophic defeat for the Sasanid forces and marks the end of organized Sasanid resistance. Thus opening the path for Islamic expansion into Persia and the subsequent religious transformation of the region.
646
Battle of Nikiou
The Battle of Nikiou took place between Arab Muslim troops under General Amr ibn al-A'as and the Byzantine Empire in Egypt in May of 646.
652
Second battle of Dongola
The second battle of Dongola or siege of Dongola was a military engagement between early Arab forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Nubian-Christian forces of the kingdom of Makuria in 652. The battle ended Muslim expansion into Nubia, establishing trade and a historic peace between the Muslim world and a Christian nation. As a result, Makuria was able to grow into a regional power that would dominate Nubia for over the next 500 years.
655
Battle of the Masts
The Battle of the Masts was a naval battle fought in 655 between the Byzantine Empire led by Emperor Constans II, and the Rashidun Caliphate under the command of Abu al-A'war, admiral of Mu'awiya, the governor of Syria.
674 – 678
Siege of Constantinople (674–678)
Constantinople was besieged by the Arabs in 674–678, in what was the first culmination of the Umayyad Caliphate's expansionist strategy against the Byzantine Empire. Caliph Mu'awiya I, who had emerged in 661 as the ruler of the Muslim Arab empire following a civil war, renewed aggressive warfare against Byzantium after a lapse of some years and hoped to deliver a lethal blow by capturing the Byzantine capital of Constantinople.
682
Battle of Vescera
The Battle of Vescera was fought in 682 or 683 between the Romano-Berbers of King Kusaila and their Byzantine allies from the Exarchate of Africa against an Umayyad Arab army under Uqba ibn Nafi. Uqba ibn Nafi had led his men in an expedition across north Africa, eventually reaching the Atlantic Ocean and marching as far south as the Draa and Sous rivers. On his return, he was ambushed by the Berber-Byzantine coalition at Tehouda (Thabudeos) south Vescera, defeated, and killed.
698
Battle of Carthage (698)
The Battle of Carthage was fought in 698 AD between a Byzantine expeditionary force and the armies of the Umayyad Caliphate. The battle was a lynchpin of the ongoing Muslim conquest of the Maghreb and put remaining Byzantine resistance to rest.
702
Battle of Vardanakert
The Battle of Vardanakert was fought between an Arab garrison and Armenians in January 703. The Armenian prince Smbat VI Bagratuni defeated the 5,000-strong Umayyad army from the garrison in Nakhichevan. Struck by a surprise attack, the remaining Arabs fled to the river Araxes and either drowned or froze to death. Smbat, chosen to rule by Byzantine commission, managed to re-conquer the majority of Armenia and drive the Arabs out of the country.
707 – 708
Siege of Tyana
The siege of Tyana was carried out by the Umayyad Caliphate in 707–708 or 708–709 in retaliation for a heavy defeat of an Umayyad army under Maimun the Mardaite by the Byzantine Empire in c. 706. The Arab army invaded Byzantine territory and laid siege to the city in summer 707 or 708. The date is uncertain, as virtually each of the extant Greek, Arabic, and Syriac parallel sources has in this respect a different date. Tyana initially withstood the siege with success, and the Arab army faced great hardship during the ensuing winter and was on the point of abandoning the siege in spring, when a relief army sent by Emperor Justinian II arrived. Quarrels among the Byzantine generals, as well as the inexperience of a large part of their army, contributed to a crushing Umayyad victory. Thereupon the inhabitants of the city were forced to surrender. Despite the agreement of terms, the city was plundered and largely destroyed, and according to Byzantine sources its people were made captive and deported, leaving the city deserted.
711
Battle of Guadalete
The Battle of Guadalete was the first major battle of the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, fought in July 711 at an unidentified location in what is now southern Spain between the Visigoths under their king, Roderic, and the invading forces of the Umayyad Caliphate, composed of mainly Berbers and some Arabs under the commander Tariq ibn Ziyad. The battle was significant as the culmination of a series of Umayyad attacks and the beginning of al-Andalus. Roderic was killed in the battle, along with many members of the Visigothic nobility, opening the way for the capture of the Visigothic capital of Toledo.
717 – 718
Siege of Constantinople (717–718)
In 717–718, Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, was besieged by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate. The campaign marked the culmination of twenty years of attacks and progressive Arab occupation of the Byzantine borderlands, while Byzantine strength was sapped by prolonged internal turmoil. In 716, after years of preparations, the Arabs, led by Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, invaded Byzantine Asia Minor. The Arabs initially hoped to exploit Byzantine civil strife and made common cause with the general Leo III the Isaurian, who had risen up against Emperor Theodosius III. Leo, however, deceived them and secured the Byzantine throne for himself.
718
Battle of Covadonga
The Battle of Covadonga took place in 722 between the army of Pelagius of Asturias and the army of Umayyad Caliphate commanders Alqama and Munuza. Fought near Covadonga, in the Picos de Europa, the outcome was victory for the Christian forces of Pelagius. It is traditionally regarded as the foundational event of the Kingdom of Asturias and thus the initial point of the Christian Reconquista (reconquest) of Iberia after the Umayyad conquest of 711.
721
Battle of Toulouse (721)
The Battle of Toulouse (721) was a victory of an Aquitanian Christian army led by Odo the Great, Duke of Aquitaine over an Umayyad Muslim army besieging the city of Toulouse, led by al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani, the Umayyad wāli (governor-general) of al-Andalus. The decisive Aquitanian victory checked the spread of Umayyad control westward from Narbonne into Aquitaine.
727
Siege of Nicaea (727)
The siege of Nicaea of 727 was an unsuccessful attempt by the Umayyad Caliphate to capture the Byzantine city of Nicaea, the capital of the Opsician Theme. Ever since its failure to capture the Byzantine Empire's capital, Constantinople, in 717–718, the Caliphate had launched a series of raids into Byzantine Asia Minor. In 727, the Arab army, led by one of the Caliph's sons, penetrated deep into Asia Minor, sacked two Byzantine fortresses and in late July arrived before Nicaea. Despite constant attacks for 40 days, the city held firm and the Arabs withdrew and returned to the Caliphate. The successful repulsion of the attack was a major boost for Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian's recently initiated campaign to abolish the veneration of icons in the Empire; Leo claimed it as evidence of divine favour for his policy. The siege of Nicaea marks also the high point of the Umayyad raids, as new threats and defeats on their far-flung frontiers decreased Umayyad strength elsewhere, while Byzantine power strengthened afterwards.
729
Battle of Baykand
The Battle of Baykand was fought in 729 between the Turkic Türgesh khaganate and its Soghdian allies and the Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate at Baykand, a town near Bukhara in Transoxiana. The Arab army, under the governor of Khurasan Ashras ibn Abdallah al-Sulami, campaigned across the Oxus River to suppress a large-scale rebellion of the subject Soghdian princes that had broken out the previous year and received Türgesh support. As the Arab army advanced on Bukhara, it was encircled by the Türgesh and cut off from water. A series of engagements followed that almost ended in a disaster for the Arabs like the "Day of Thirst" five years earlier, but in the end, through the inspirational bravery of a few Arab leaders and the actions of the vanguard under al-Harith ibn Surayj and Qatan ibn Qutayba, the Arabs broke through and reached Bukhara, which they laid siege to.
731
Battle of the Defile
The Battle of the Defile or Battle of the Pass was fought in the Takhtakaracha Pass between a large army of the Umayyad Caliphate and the Turkic Türgesh khaganate over three days in July 731 CE. The Türgesh had been besieging Samarkand, and Samarkand's commander, Sawra ibn al-Hurr al-Abani, had sent a request for relief to the newly appointed governor of Khurasan, Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri. Junayd's 28,000-strong army was attacked by the Türgesh in the pass, and although the Umayyad army managed to extricate itself and reach Samarkand, it suffered enormous casualties; Sawra's 12,000 men, who had been commanded to attack the Türgesh from the rear in a relief effort, were almost annihilated.
732
Battle of Tours
The Battle of Tours, also called the Battle of Poitiers and the Battle of the Highway of the Martyrs, was fought on 10 October 732, and was an important battle during the Umayyad invasion of Gaul. It resulted in victory for the Frankish and Aquitanian forces, led by Charles Martel, over the invading Umayyad forces, led by Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi, governor of al-Andalus. Many historians, including Edward Gibbon, have credited the Christian victory as an important factor in curtailing the spread of Islam in Western Europe.
737
Battle of the River Berre
The Battle of the River Berre was fought in 737 between the Arab and Berber Muslim forces of Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, Arab Umayyad Muslim governor of Septimania on behalf of al-Andalus, and the Frankish Christian army led by the Carolingian duke Charles Martel during the siege of Narbonne. The battle, which took place at the mouth of the River Berre, was a significant victory for Charles Martel in the military campaigns of 736–737. During this period, Martel effectively prevented greater Umayyad expansion beyond the Pyrenees.
737
Siege of Avignon (737)
The siege of Avignon was contested in 737. Frankish forces led by Charles Martel defeated the Umayyad garrison of Avignon and destroyed the stronghold.
737
Siege of Narbonne (737)
The siege of Narbonne was fought in 737 between the Arab and Berber Muslim forces of Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, Arab Umayyad Muslim governor of Septimania on behalf of al-Andalus, and the Frankish Christian army led by the Carolingian duke Charles Martel.
740
Battle of Akroinon
The Battle of Akroinon was fought at Akroinon or Akroinos in Phrygia, on the western edge of the Anatolian plateau, in 740 between an Umayyad Arab army and the Byzantine forces. The Arabs had been conducting regular raids into Anatolia for the past century, and the 740 expedition was the largest in recent decades, consisting of three separate divisions. One division, 20,000 strong under Abdallah al-Battal and al-Malik ibn Shu'aib, was confronted at Akroinon by the Byzantines under the command of Emperor Leo III the Isaurian and his son, the future Constantine V. The battle resulted in a decisive Byzantine victory. Coupled with the Umayyad Caliphate's troubles on other fronts and the internal instability before and after the Abbasid Revolt, this put an end to major Arab incursions into Anatolia for three decades.
आसपास की पहले और बाद की घटनाएँ
- 610Muhammad's first revelation
- 622 – 750प्रारंभिक मुस्लिम विजययह पृष्ठ
- 622हिजरत
- 624बद्र की लड़ाई
- 625उहुद की लड़ाई
इस भूमि पर किसने शासन किया
ऐतिहासिक सीमा डेटा (Cliopatria) के अनुसार यह स्थान जिन राज्यों में था। वर्ष डेटा के अंतराल (कुछ वर्षों से एक सदी) के अनुसार अनुमानित हैं। उस वर्ष का नक्शा देखने के लिए टैप करें।
इस अवधि के अन्य मानचित्र
- युद्ध मानचित्रGoguryeo–Tang War
- युद्ध मानचित्रSilla–Tang War
- धर्म मानचित्रशिया इस्लाम
- महामारी मानचित्रअमवास का प्लेग
- धर्म मानचित्रअफ़्रीका में इस्लाम
- धर्म मानचित्रशिन्तो धर्म